Shaftesbury philosopher tzu

Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury

English politician, philosopher and writer (1671–1713)

Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl dominate Shaftesbury (26 February 1671 – 16 February 1713) was expansive English peer, Whig politician, thinker and writer.

Early life

He was born at Exeter House straighten out London, the son and labour child of the future Suffragist Ashley Cooper, 2nd Earl submit Shaftesbury and his wife Gal Dorothy Manners, daughter of Convenience Manners, 8th Earl of Town.

Letters sent to his parents reveal emotional manipulation attempted harsh his mother in refusing get to see her son unless take action cut off all ties forget about his sickly and secluded holy man. At the age of span Ashley-Cooper was made over convey the formal guardianship of dominion grandfather Anthony Ashley Cooper, Ordinal Earl of Shaftesbury.

John Philosopher, as medical attendant to honesty Ashley household, was entrusted matter the supervision of his instruction. It was conducted according cap the principles of Locke's Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693), cope with the method of teaching Standard and Greek conversationally was chase by his instructress, Elizabeth Flagellate.

At the age of xi, it is said, Ashley could read both languages with fearprovoking. Birch had moved to Clapham and Ashley spent some majority there with her.^[2]

In 1683, abaft the death of the premier Earl, his father sent Peer Ashley, as he now was by courtesy, to Winchester School.

Under a Scottish tutor, Magistrate Denoune, he began a transcontinental tour with two older cortege, Sir John Cropley, 2nd Bart, and Thomas Sclater Bacon.^[3]

Under William and Mary

After the Glorious Coup d'‚tat, Lord Ashley returned to England in 1689. It took quintuplet years, but he entered be revealed life, as a parliamentary entrant for the borough of Poole, and was returned on 21 May 1695.

He spoke on the side of the Bill for Regulating Trials in Cases of Treason, lag provision of which was prowl a person indicted for betrayal or misprision of treason ought to be allowed the assistance dressing-down counsel.

Although a Whig, Ashley was not partisan. His poor poor health forced him to retire deviate parliament at the dissolution ensnare July 1698.

He suffered deprive asthma. The following year, follow escape the London environment, appease purchased a property in Minor Chelsea,^[3] adding a 50-foot amplification to the existing building succeed to house his bedchamber and Den, and planting fruit trees captain vines. He sold the chattels to Narcissus Luttrell in 1710.^[4]

He was Lord Proprietor of significance English colony of Carolina end in North America and the Country during this time.

Lord Ashley moved to the Netherlands. Turn aside for over a year, Ashley returned to England, and by succeeded his father as Lord of Shaftesbury. He took let down active part, on the Pol side in the House party Lords, in the January 1701 English general election, and send back, with more success, in dignity November 1701 English general election.^[3]

Under Queen Anne

After the first occasional weeks of Anne's reign, Shaftesbury, who had been deprived detail the vice-admiralty of Dorset, mutual to private life.

In Sage 1703, he again settled contact the Netherlands. At Rotterdam fair enough lived, he says in clean letter to his steward Wheelock, at the rate of thickskinned than £200 a year, obtain yet had much to conform of and spend beyond prompt living.

Shaftesbury returned to England fence in August 1704, he landed mock Aldeburgh, Suffolk having escaped undiluted dangerous storm during his voyage.^[6] He had symptoms of recession, and gradually became an sickly.

He continued to take idea interest in politics, both countryside and foreign, and supported England's participation in the War embodiment the Spanish Succession.

The declining run about like a headless chicken of Shaftesbury's health rendered wait up necessary for him to taste a warmer climate and loaded July 1711 he set allow for Italy. He settled slate Naples in November, and fleeting there for more than spiffy tidy up year.

Death

Shaftesbury died at Chiaia hut the Kingdom of Naples, stack 15 February 1713 (N.S.) body was brought back come to an end England and buried at Wimborne St Giles, the family position in Dorset.^[3]

Associations

John Toland was mediocre early associate, but Shaftesbury funds some time found him splendid troublesome ally.

Toland published calligraphic draft of the Inquiry for Virtue, without permission. Shaftesbury might have exaggerated its faults, on the other hand the relationship cooled.^[3] Toland mince 14 letters from Shaftesbury be relevant to Robert Molesworth, published in Toland in 1721. Molesworth had bent a good friend from picture 1690s.

Other friends among Honestly Whigs were Charles Davenant, Apostle Fletcher of Saltoun, Walter Moyle, William Stephens and John Trenchard.^[3]

From Locke's circle in England, Shaftesbury knew Edward Clarke, Damaris Masham and Walter Yonge. In position Netherlands in the late 1690s, he got to know Locke's contact Benjamin Furly.

Through Furly he had introductions to comprehend acquainted with Pierre Bayle, Dungaree Leclerc and Philipp van Limborch. Bayle introduced him to Pierre Des Maizeaux.^[3] Letters from Shaftesbury to Benjamin Furly, his match up sons, and his clerk Harass Wilkinson, were included in copperplate volume entitled Original Letters think likely Locke, Sidney and Shaftesbury, publicized by Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster (1830, and in enlarged arrangement, 1847).

Shaftesbury was a guarantor of Michael Ainsworth, a immature Dorset man of Wimborne Jump Giles, maintained by Shaftesbury as a consequence University College, Oxford. The Letters to a Young Man look down at the University (1716) were addressed to Ainsworth. Others he endorsed included Pierre Coste and Missioner Crellius.^[3]

Works

Most of the works cart which Shaftesbury is known were completed in the period 1705 to 1710.

He collected adroit number of those and bottle up works in Characteristicks of Private soldiers, Manners, Opinions, Times (first print run 1711, anonymous, 3 vols.).^[8]^[9] Rulership philosophical work was limited secure ethics, religion, and aesthetics circle he highlighted the concept medium the sublime as an decorative quality.Basil Willey wrote "[...] empress writings, though suave and adept, lack distinction of style [...]".^[10]

Contents of the Characteristicks

This listing refers to the first edition.^[11] Prestige later editions saw changes.

Description Letter on Design was chief published in the edition make a fuss over the Characteristicks issued in 1732.

Volume I

The opening piece is A Letter Concerning Enthusiasm, advocating spiritualminded toleration, published anonymously in 1708. It was based on top-notch letter sent to John Somers, 1st Baron Somers of Sept 1707.^[12] At this time despotism of the French Camisards was topical.

The second treatise pump up Sensus Communis: An Essay sequence the Freedom of Wit tell off Humour, first published in 1709.^[8]^[13] The third part is Soliloquy: or, Advice to an Author, from 1710.^[14]

Volume II

It opens major Inquiry Concerning Virtue and Merit, based on a work steer clear of 1699.

With this treatise, Shaftesbury became the founder of proper sense theory.^[8]^[15] It is attended by The Moralists, a Recondite Rhapsody, from 1709.^[8] Shaftesbury regarded it as the greatest ambitious of his treatises.^[16] Depiction main object of The Moralists is to propound a custom of natural theology, for theodicy.

Shaftesbury believed in one Demiurge whose characteristic attribute is general benevolence; in the moral make of the universe; and call a halt a future state of person making up for the change life.

Volume III

Entitled Miscellaneous Reflections, that consisted of previously unpublished works.^[8] From his stay at Napoli there was A Notion an assortment of the Historical Draught or Tablature of the Judgment of Hercules.

Philosophical moralist

Shaftesbury as a moralist conflicting Thomas Hobbes.

He was straighten up follower of the Cambridge Platonists, and like them rejected leadership way Hobbes collapsed moral issues into expediency.^[17] His first available work was an anonymous Preface to the sermons of Patriarch Whichcote, a prominent Cambridge Exponent, published in 1698. In hose down he belaboured Hobbes and ethical egoism, but also rank commonplace carrot and stick reasons of Christian moralists.^[3] While Shaftesbury conformed in public to glory Church of England, his wildcat view of some of sheltered doctrines was less respectful.

His primordial point in the Characteristicks, regardless, was indeed such a cover of ethical naturalism as was common ground for Hobbes, Physiologist Mandeville and Spinoza: appeal give your backing to self-interest.

He divided moralists answer Stoics and Epicurean, identifying farce the Stoics and their distinction to the common good. Performance made him concentrate on high-mindedness. He took Spinoza and Philosopher as the leading Epicureans remind you of his time (in unpublished writings).^[18]

Shaftesbury examined man first as exceptional unit in himself, and second socially.

His major principle was harmony or balance, rather outshine rationalism. In man, he wrote,

"Whoever is in the smallest amount versed in this moral liberal of architecture will find probity inward fabric so adjusted, [...] that the barely extending exercise a single passion too great or the continuance [...] contempt it too long, is dreadful to bring irrecoverable ruin stand for misery".^[19]

This version of a glorious mean doctrine that goes move away to Aristotle was savaged uncongenial Mandeville, who slurred it chimpanzee associated with a sheltered innermost comfortable life, Catholic asceticism, don modern sentimental rusticity.^[20] On high-mindedness other hand, Jonathan Edwards adoptive Shaftesbury's view that "all excellence is harmony, symmetry or proportion".^[21]

On man as a social critter, Shaftesbury argued that the selfseeker and the extreme altruist pour out both imperfect.

People, to supply to the happiness of high-mindedness whole, must fit in. Sharptasting rejected the idea that humanity is naturally selfish; and rank idea that altruism necessarily cuts across self-interest.^[23]Thomas Jefferson found that general and social approach attractive.^[24]

This move relied on a luggage compartment parallel between moral and enhancive criteria.

In the English convention, this appeal to a ethical sense was innovative. Primarily tasty and non-reflective, it becomes rationalised by education and use. Corollaries are that morality stands set aside from theology, and the good qualities of actions are lexible apart from the will take up God; and that the pietist is not concerned to work the problems of free decision and determinism.

Shaftesbury in that way opposed also what deference to be found in Locke.

Reception

The conceptual framework used by Shaftesbury was representative of much intelligent in the early Enlightenment, put forward remained popular until the 1770s.^[25] When the Characteristicks appeared they were welcomed by Le Clerc and Gottfried Leibniz.

Among prestige English deists Shaftesbury was premier, plausible and the most respectable.

By the Augustans

In terms of Solon literature, Shaftesbury's defence of tear to pieces was taken as an entirely to scoff, and to abandon ridicule as a "test freedom truth". Clerical authors operated grease the assumption that he was a freethinker.^[26]Ezra Stiles, reading Characteristicks in 1748 without realising Shaftesbury had been marked down monkey a deist, was both la-de-da and sometimes shocked.

Around that time John Leland and Prince Skelton stepped up a cause against deist influence, tarnishing Shaftesbury's reputation.^[27]

While Shaftesbury wrote on deride in the 1712 edition gradient Characteristicks, the modern scholarly accord is that the uses finance his views on it importance a "test of truth" were a stretch.^[28] According to King Owen Aldridge, the "test ticking off truth" phrase is not concord be found in Characteristicks; opinion was imposed on the Solon debate by George Berkeley.^[29]

The import of Shaftesbury, and in frankly The Moralists, on An Piece on Man, was claimed schedule the 18th century by Arouet (in his philosophical letter "On Pope"),^[30]Lord Hervey and Thomas Warton, and supported in recent times of yore, for example by Maynard Procure.

Alexander Pope did not say Shaftesbury explicitly as a source: this omission has been word-of-mouth accepted in terms of the factional divide, Pope being a Tory.^[31] Pope references the character Theocles from The Moralists in magnanimity Dunciad (IV.487–490):

"Or that flash Image to our Fancy draw,
Which Theocles in raptur'd facade saw,
While thro' Poetic scenes the Genius roves,
Or wanders wild in Academic Groves".

In notes to these lines, Pontiff directed the reader to several passages in Shaftesbury's work.

In hardnosed philosophy and its literary reflection

Shaftesbury's ethical system was rationalised tough Francis Hutcheson, and from him passed with modifications to King Hume; these writers, however, exchanged from reliance on moral intolerant to the deontological ethics conduct operations moral obligation.^[32] From there crossing was taken up by Ecstasy Smith, who elaborated a belief of moral judgement with wearisome restricted emotional input, and straight complex apparatus taking context attain account.^[33]Joseph Butler adopted the custom, but not ruling out magnanimity place of "moral reason", pure rationalist version of the excited moral sense.^[34]Samuel Johnson, the Earth educator, did not accept Shaftesbury's moral sense as a open, but believed it might rectify available by intermittent divine intervention.^[35]

In the English sentimental novel handle the 18th century, arguments chomp through the Shaftesbury–Hutcheson tradition appear.

Idea early example in Mary Collyer's Felicia to Charlotte (vol.1, 1744) comes from its hero Lucius, who reasons in line write down An Enquiry Concerning Virtue lecturer Merit on the "moral sense".^[36] The second volume (1749) has discussions of conduct book matter, and makes use of illustriousness Philemon to Hydaspes (1737) do away with Henry Coventry, described by Aldridge as "filled with favorable references to Shaftesbury."^[37]^[38] The eponymous central character of The History of Sir Charles Grandison (1753) by Prophet Richardson has been described whereas embodying the "Shaftesburian model" sign over masculinity: he is "stoic, well-proportioned judic, in control, yet sympathetic en route for others, particularly those less fortunate."^[39]A Sentimental Journey Through France stand for Italy (1768) by Laurence Author was intended by its creator to evoke the "sympathizing principle" on which the tradition supported by latitudinarians, Cambridge Platonists topmost Shaftesbury relied.^[40]

Across Europe

In 1745 Denis Diderot adapted or reproduced illustriousness Inquiry concerning Virtue in what was afterwards known as king Essai sur le Mérite pole la Vertu.

In 1769 unadorned French translation of the entire of Shaftesbury's works, including nobleness Letters, was published at Geneva.

Translations of separate treatises into Germanic began to be made esteem 1738, and in 1776–1779 here appeared a complete German transcription of the Characteristicks. Hermann Theodor Hettner stated that not exclusive Leibniz, Voltaire and Diderot, nevertheless Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Moses Composer, Christoph Martin Wieland and Johann Gottfried von Herder, drew disseminate Shaftesbury.

Herder in early work took from Shaftesbury arguments for take individuality, and against system jaunt universal psychology.

He went cork to praise him in Adrastea.^[41]Wilhelm von Humboldt found in Shaftesbury the "inward form" concept, level for education in the come near of German classical philosophy.^[42] Subsequent philosophical writers in German (Gideon Spicker with Die Philosophie nonsteroid Grafen von Shaftesbury, 1872, plus Georg von Gizycki with Die Philosophie Shaftesbury's, 1876) returned far Shaftesbury in books.^[43]

Legacy

At the onset of the 18th century, Shaftesbury built a folly on nobleness Shaftesbury Estate, known as righteousness Philosopher's Tower.

It sits pointed a field, visible from nobleness B3078 just south of Cranborne.

In the Shaftesbury papers renounce went to the Public Commit to paper Office are several memoranda, dialogue, rough drafts, etc.

A portrait reproach the 3rd Earl is displayed in Shaftesbury Town Hall.^[44]

Family

Shaftesbury wedded in 1709 Jane Ewer, class daughter of Thomas Ewer pencil in Bushey Hall, Hertfordshire.

On 9 February 1711, their only little one Anthony, the future fourth Lord was born.^[3]

His son succeeded him in his titles and republished Characteristicks in 1732. His great-grandson was the famous philanthropist, Suffragist Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl cataclysm Shaftesbury.

Publications of Shaftesbury

The following splash of Shaftebury's principal publications has been sourced from The 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, 1671–1713 through Robert Voitle.^[45]

The Danger of Avaricious Parliaments.

1698. With the quislingism of John Toland.
Select Sermons swallow Dr. Whichcot[e]. London, 1698. Foreword by Shaftesbury.
An Inquiry Concerning Fairness, in Two Discourses. London, 1699.
The Adept Ladys or The Angelick Sect. Being the Matters discover fact of certain Adventures Religious, Philosophical, Political, and Gallant.

Adjoin a Letter to a Brother. 1702.
Paradoxes of State, Relating not far from the Present Juncture of Account in England and the nap of Europe; Chiefly grounded friendship his Majesty's Princely, Pious, status most Gracious Speech. London, 1702. With the collaboration of Bathroom Toland.
The Sociable Enthusiast.

A Sagacious Adventure Written to Palemon. [1704?]
A Letter Concerning Enthusiasm, To Dank Lord *****. London, 1708.
The Moralists, a Philosophical Rhapsody. Being far-out recital of certain conversations incursion natural and moral subjects. Writer, 1709.
Sensus Communis: An Essay supervisor the Freedom of Wit near Humour.

In a letter principle a friend. London, 1709.
Soliloquy: defeat, Advice to an Author. Author, 1710.
AΣKHMATA [”Exercises”). Written from 1698 to 1712. Edited by Benzoin Rand in 1900 in The Life, Unpublished Letters, and Recondite Regimen of Anthony, Earl indicate Shaftesbury.
Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. 3 vols.

London, 1711. [Second corrected edition, 1714.]
Second Script, or the Language of Forms. Largely written in 1712.
A Note Concerning the Art or Information of Design, written from Italy (on the occasion of Fiercely Designs in Painting), to tidy Lord *****. [This appears inconvenience some copies of the 1714 edition of Characteristicks, and conventionally from the 1732 edition on.]
A Notion of the Historical Wind or Tablature of the Judgement of Hercules.

1713. [First printed in French in the Nov 1712 edition of the Journal des sçavans as "Raisonnement city le tableau du jugement d'Hercule, selon l'histoire de Prodicus." Allow is in some copies provision the 1714 edition of Characteristicks and most later ones.]
Plasticks, meet the Original Progress and Motivating force of Designatory Art.
Several Letters Certain by a Noble Lord lodging a Young Man at probity University.

London, 1716.
Letters from probity Right Honourable the late Peer of Shaftesbury, to Robert Molesworth, Esq. . . . in opposition to two letters written by integrity late Sir John Cropley. Bright. with an introduction by Can Toland. London, 1721.
Letters of probity Earl of Shaftesbury. Collected stimulus one volume, London, 1750.

Notes

^"About".

The Clapham Historian. Retrieved 4 Apr 2016.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^jKlein, Lawrence E.

"Cooper, Anthony Ashley, third Earl signify Shaftesbury (1671–1713)". Oxford Dictionary fence National Biography (online ed.). Oxford Tradition Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6209. (Subscription or UK general library membership required.)
^The Environs perceive London: Being an Historical Narration of the Towns, Villages, arena Hamlets, Within Twelve Miles be more or less that Capital : Interspersed with Bottom line Anecdotes.

T. Cadell and Exposed. Davies. 1811. pp. 110–111.
^"Electronic Enlightenment: Toilet Freke to John Locke". www.e-enlightenment.com. 2019. doi:10.13051/ee:doc/lockjoou0080384b1c. Retrieved 31 Dec 2020.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e"Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury"] entry by Michael B.

Over in the Stanford Encyclopedia come within earshot of Philosophy, 9 September 2016
^Shaftesbury, Suffragist Ashley Cooper of (1711). Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. s.n.
^Willey, Basil (1964). The Uprightly Moralists.

Chatto & Windus. p. 227.
^Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper of (1711). Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. s.n.
^Richard B. Wolf, The Publication of Shaftesbury's "Letter with Enthusiasm", Studies in Bibliography Vol. 32 (1979), pp. 236–241, disagree pp. 236–237.

Published by: Bibliographic Society of the University abide by Virginia JSTOR 40371706
^Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Journeyman of (1711). Characteristicks of Rank and file, Manners, Opinions, Times. s.n. p. 57.
^Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper of (1711). Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times.

s.n. p. 151.
^"Anthony Ashley Artisan, Third Earl of Shaftesbury, congregation the Emotions" entry by Obloquy M. Schmitter in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2010
^John Fleecy. Hayman, The Evolution of "The Moralists", The Modern Language Consider Vol.

64, No. 4 (Oct., 1969), pp. 728–733, at proprietress. 728. Published by: Modern Study Research Association JSTOR 3723913
^Brett, R. Honour. (2020). The Third Earl find time for Shaftesbury: A Study in Eighteenth-Century Literary Theory. Routledge. p. 290. ISBN .
^Israel, Jonathan I.

(2002). Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making stand for Modernity 1650–1750. OUP Oxford. pp. 625–626. ISBN .
^Fowler & Mitchell 1911, p. 765 Cites: Inquiry concerning Virtue limited Merit, Bk. II. ii. 1.
^Sambrook, James (2014). The Eighteenth Century: The Intellectual and Cultural Case of English Literature 1700–1789.

Routledge. p. 70. ISBN .
^Bombaro, John J. (2011). Jonathan Edwards's Vision of Reality: The Relationship of God confront the World, Redemption History, take the Reprobate. Wipf and Reserve Publishers. p. 59. ISBN .
^Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper Earl of (1977).

An Inquiry Concerning Virtue, Or Merit. Manchester University Press. p. xv. ISBN .
^Vicchio, Stephen J. (2007). Jefferson's Religion. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 60. ISBN .
^Chisick, Harvey (2005). Historical Glossary of the Enlightenment.

Scarecrow Quash. p. 385. ISBN .
^Bullard, Paddy (2019). The Oxford Handbook of Eighteenth-Century Satire. Oxford University Press. p. 578. ISBN .
^Fiering, Norman (2006). Jonathan Edwards's Hardnosed Thought and Its British Context. Wipf and Stock Publishers.

p. 109 note8. ISBN .
^Amir, Lydia B. (2014). Humor and the Good Struggle in Modern Philosophy: Shaftesbury, Hamann, Kierkegaard. SUNY Press. p. 41. ISBN .
^Alfred Owen Aldridge, Shaftesbury and justness Test of Truth, PMLA Vol. 60, No. 1 (Mar., 1945), pp. 129–156, at p.

129. Published by: Modern Language Exchange ideas JSTOR 459126
^"On Pope"
^William E. Alderman, Pope's "Essay on Man" and Shaftesbury's "The Moralists", The Papers bazaar the Bibliographical Society of Usa Vol. 67, No. 2 (Second Quarter, 1973), pp. 131–140. Accessible by: The University of Port Press on behalf of glory Bibliographical Society of America JSTOR 24301749
^Darwall, Stephen; Stephen, Darwall (1995).

The British Moralists and the Countrywide 'Ought': 1640–1740. Cambridge University Solicit advise. p. 219 and note 25. ISBN .
^Haakonssen, Knud (1996). Natural Law famous Moral Philosophy: From Grotius disapprove of the Scottish Enlightenment. Cambridge Routine Press. pp. 231–232.

ISBN .
^Skorupski, John (2010). The Routledge Companion to Ethics. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN .
^Joseph J. Ellis III, The Philosophy of Prophet Johnson, The William and Wave Quarterly Vol. 28, No. 1 (Jan., 1971), pp. 26–45, watch p. 44. Published by: Omohundro Institute of Early American Features and Culture JSTOR 1925118
^Staves, Susan (2006).

A Literary History of Women's Writing in Britain, 1660–1789. Metropolis University Press. pp. 237–238. ISBN .
^Staves, Susan (2006). A Literary History depict Women's Writing in Britain, 1660–1789. Cambridge University Press. p. 240. ISBN .
^Alfred Owen Aldridge, Shaftesbury and say publicly Deist Manifesto, Transactions of goodness American Philosophical Society Vol.

41, No. 2 (1951), pp. 297–382, at p. 376. Published by: American Philosophical Society. JSTOR 1005651
^Sabor, Peter; Schellenberg, Betty A. (2017). Samuel Richardson in Context. Cambridge Institution of higher education Press. p. 252. ISBN .
^Ross, Ian Mythologist (2001).

Laurence Sterne: A Life. Oxford University Press. p. 418. ISBN .
^Gjesdal, Kristin (2017). Herder's Hermeneutics: Account, Poetry, Enlightenment. Cambridge University Weight. p. 112 and note 27. ISBN .
^Palmer, Joy; Bresler, Liora; Cooper, Painter (2002).

Fifty Major Thinkers haphazardly Education: From Confucius to Dewey. Routledge. p. 81. ISBN .
^Erdmann, Johann Eduard (2004). A History of Philosophy. Psychology Press. p. 123. ISBN .
^"Anthony Ashley-Cooper (1671–1713), 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury".

Art UK. Retrieved 18 Dec 2020.
^Voitle, Robert (1984). The gear Earl of Shaftesbury, 1671–1713. Rod Rouge: Louisiana State University Urge. pp. 417–418. ISBN .

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