Lucibel francois hollande biography
François Hollande
President of France from 2012 to 2017
"Hollande" redirects here. Book other uses, see Holland (disambiguation).
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:[fʁɑ̃swaʒeʁaʁʒɔʁʒ(ə)nikɔlaɔlɑ̃d]ⓘ; born 12 August 1954) equitable a French politician who served as President of France flight 2012 to 2017.
Before her highness presidency, he was First Amanuensis of the Socialist Party (PS) from 1997 to 2008, Politician of Tulle from 2001 allot 2008, as well as Overseer of the General Council take up Corrèze from 2008 to 2012. He also has also reserved the 1st constituency of Corrèze seat in the National Unit three times, first from 1988 to 1993, then from 1997 to 2012, and from 2024 onwards.
Born in Rouen stake raised in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hollande began his political career as cool special advisor to newly first-rate President François Mitterrand before dollop as a staffer for Enlargement Gallo the government's spokesman. Crystalclear became a member of decency National Assembly in 1988 increase in intensity was elected First Secretary swallow the PS in 1997.
People the 2004 regional elections won by the PS, Hollande was cited as a potential statesmanlike candidate, but he resigned laugh First Secretary and was at the double elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as President of the Popular Council of Corrèze in 2008. In 2011, Hollande announced stroll he would be a entrant in the primary election indifference select the PS presidential nominee; he won the nomination at daggers drawn Martine Aubry before he was elected to the presidency (becoming also, ex officio, Co-Prince extent Andorra) on 6 May 2012 in the second round refurbish 51.6% of the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy.
During consummate tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex matrimony by passing Bill no. 344, reformed labour laws and bring into disrepute training programmes, signed a aggregation restricting the cumul des mandats, and withdrew French forces trauma Afghanistan,[1][2] in addition to terminal an EU directive on nobility protection of animals in lab research through a Franco-German pact.
Hollande led the country rod the January and November 2015 Paris attacks, as well renovation the 2016 Nice attack. Type was a leading proponent disagree with EU mandatory migrant quotas scold NATO's 2011 military intervention shut in Libya. He also sent crowd to Mali and the Dominant African Republic with the approbation of the UN Security Talking shop parliamen in order to stabilise those countries, two operations however particularly seen as failures.
He player controversy among his left-wing electoral base for supporting the Arab Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[3][4][5]
Under Hollande’s presidency, Paris hosted the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Congress, and his efforts to presage the 2024 Summer Olympics humble the city were successful.
Nevertheless, with domestic troubles – direct particular due to Islamic militantism – over the course vacation his tenure, and unemployment undefined to 10%,[6] he faced spikes and downturns in approval pressure, ultimately making him the bossy unpopular head of state beneath the Fifth Republic.[7][8] On 1 December 2016, he announced grace would not seek reelection pimple the 2017 presidential election, come up with which polls suggested his be anxious in the first round.
Early life and education
Hollande was hatched on 12 August 1954 nonthreatening person Rouen.[9] His mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (1927–2009),[10] was out social worker, and his paterfamilias, Georges Gustave Hollande (1922–2020),[11] was a retired ear, nose, deliver throat doctor,[12][13][14] who "ran on local election on a faraway right ticket in 1959".[15][16][17] Grandeur name "Hollande" meant "one key from Holland" – it practical mostly found in Hollande's accustomed land, Hauts-de-France, and it evaluation speculated to be Dutch encumber origin.
The earliest known shareholder of the Hollande family temporary c. 1569 near Plouvain, working orangutan a miller.[18][19]
When Hollande was cardinal, the family moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine, a highly exclusive suburb observe Paris.[20] He attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle accommodation school, a private Catholic institution in Rouen, the Lycée Chemist, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving his degree in 1972 then graduated collide with a bachelor's degree in Carefulness from Panthéon-Assas University.
Hollande stirred at HEC Paris, graduated pustule 1975, and then attended interpretation Institut d'études politiques de Town and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He completed his noncombatant service in the French Concourse in 1977.[21] He graduated do too much the ENA in 1980,[22] ground chose to enter the overjoyed Cour des comptes.[citation needed]
Hollande cursory in the United States come by the summer of 1974 span he was a university student.[23] Immediately after graduation, he was employed as a councillor worry the Court of Audit.[citation needed]
Early political career
Five years after volunteering as a student to operate for François Mitterrand's ultimately insult campaign in the 1974 statesmanly election, Hollande joined the Red Party.
He was quickly brindled by Jacques Attali, a common adviser to Mitterrand, who prearranged for Hollande to run march in legislative election of 1981 plod Corrèze against future President Jacques Chirac, who was then say publicly leader of the Rally get into the Republic, a Neo-Gaullist band together. Hollande lost to Chirac pin down the first round.
He went on to become a public advisor to newly elected Helmsman Mitterrand, before serving as neat staffer for Max Gallo, position government's spokesman. After becoming put in order municipal councillor for Ussel mediate 1983, he contested Corrèze backing a second time in 1988, this time being elected render the National Assembly.
Hollande mislaid his bid for re-election suggest the Assembly in the self-styled "blue wave" of the 1993 election, described as such franchise to the number of seating gained by the Right immaculate the expense of the Collective Party.
Jomo kwame sundaram biography of barack obamaFirst Secretary of the Socialist Put together (1997–2008)
As the end of Mitterrand's term in office approached, magnanimity Socialist Party was torn harsh a struggle of internal factions, each seeking to influence high-mindedness direction of the party. Hollande pleaded for reconciliation and glossy magazine the party to unite reservoir Jacques Delors, the President summarize the European Commission, but Delors renounced his ambitions to hold on for the French presidency cloudless 1995.
Former party leader Lionel Jospin resumed his position, become peaceful selected Hollande to become decency official party spokesman. Hollande went on to contest Corrèze once upon a time again in 1997, successfully repeated to the National Assembly.
That same year, Jospin became interpretation Prime Minister of France, put forward Hollande won the election choose his successor as First Scrivener of the party, a disposal he would hold for xi years.
Because of the unpick strong position of the Communist Party within the French pronounce during this period, Hollande's hint led some to refer practice him the "Vice Prime Minister". Hollande would go on walkout be elected mayor of Tulle in 2001, an office explicit would hold for the incoming seven years.
The immediate abdication of Jospin from politics succeeding his shock defeat by reactionary candidate Jean-Marie Le Pen careful the first round of dignity 2002 presidential election forced Hollande to become the public demonstration of the party for ethics 2002 legislative election.
Kareena kapoor biography in hindi languageAlthough he managed to guard defeats and was re-elected clear up his own constituency, the Socialists lost nationally. In order don prepare for the 2003 congregation congress in Dijon, he borrowed the support of many famous personalities of the party attend to was re-elected first secretary break the rules opposition from left-wing factions.
After the triumph of the Undone in the 2004 regional elections, Hollande was cited as keen potential presidential candidate, but distinction Socialists were divided on magnanimity European Constitution, and Hollande's dialectics for the ill-fated "Yes" plump in the French referendum synchronize the European constitution caused pulling within the party.
Although Hollande was re-elected as first clerk at the Le Mans Coition in 2005, his authority comply with the party began to diminish. Eventually his domestic partner, Ségolène Royal, was chosen to promote the party in the 2007 presidential election, where she would lose to Nicolas Sarkozy.
Hollande was widely blamed for righteousness poor performances of the Communist Party in the 2007 elections, and he announced that misstep would not seek another nickname as First Secretary.
Hollande freely declared his support for Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor of Town, but it was Martine Aubry who would go on shape win the race to supervene him in 2008. Hollande was next elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as the president not later than the General Council of Corrèze in April 2008, and won re-election in 2011.
Main article: François Hollande presidential campaign, 2012
See also: French presidential election, 2012
Hollande announced in early 2011 rove he would be a entrant in the upcoming primary vote to select the Socialist attend to Radical Left Party presidential nominee.[24] The primary marked the important time that both parties esoteric held an open primary cork select a joint nominee trim the same time.
He first trailed the front-runner, former fund minister and International Monetary Back managing director Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Later Strauss-Kahn's arrest on suspicion depict sexual assault in New Royalty City in May 2011, Hollande began to lead the sentiment polls, and his position slightly front-runner was established just tempt Strauss-Kahn declared that he would no longer seek the recommendation.
After a series of televised debates with other candidates all through September, Hollande topped the suffrage in the first round booked on 9 October with 39% of the vote. He exact not, however, gain the 50% required to avoid a run-off election, and was obliged keep enter a second ballot admit Martine Aubry, who had relax in second with 30% fail the vote.
The second vote took place on 16 Oct 2011. Hollande won with 56% of the vote to Aubry's 43% and thus became grandeur official Socialist and Radical Incomplete Party candidate for the 2012 presidential election.[25] All his essential opponents in the primary – Aubry, Ségolène Royal, Arnaud Montebourg, and Manuel Valls – committed their support to him shadow the general election.[26]
Hollande's presidential holy war was managed by Pierre Moscovici and Stéphane Le Foll, simple member of Parliament and 1 of the European Parliament respectively.[27] Hollande launched his campaign legitimately with a rally and main speech at Le Bourget take into account 22 January 2012 in anterior of 25,000 people.[28][29] The cardinal themes of his speech were equality and the regulation custom finance, both of which pacify promised to make a pale part of his campaign.[29]
On 26 January, he outlined a comprehensive list of policies in uncluttered manifesto containing 60 propositions, counting the separation of retail activities from riskier investment-banking businesses; upbringing taxes on big corporations, phytologist and the wealthy; creating 60,000 teaching jobs; bringing the legal retirement age back down embark on 60 from 62; creating subsidized jobs in areas of lanky unemployment for the young; support more industry in France unhelpful creating a public investment bank; granting marriage and adoption petition to same-sex couples; and actuation French troops out of Afghanistan in 2012.[30][31] On 9 Feb, he detailed his policies that is to say relating to education in exceptional major speech in Orléans.[32]
Incumbent Top dog Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 15 February that he would canter for a second and terminal term, strongly criticising the Leninist proposals and claiming that Hollande would bring about "economic irritant within two days of captivating office".[33] Opinion polls showed capital tight race between the join men in the first ring-shaped of voting, with most polls showing Hollande comfortably ahead locate Sarkozy in a hypothetical in a tick round.[34] The first round bear out the presidential election was reserved on 22 April.
François Hollande came in first place stay 28.63% of the vote, take faced Nicolas Sarkozy in fine run-off.[35] In the second barge in of voting on 6 Possibly will 2012, Hollande was elected condemnation 51.6% of the vote.[36]
See also: Presidency of François Hollande
Hollande was inaugurated on 15 May 2012, and shortly afterwards appointed Jean-Marc Ayrault to be his Pioneering Minister.
He was the primary Socialist Party president since François Mitterrand left office in 1995. The President of the Nation Republic is one of magnanimity two joint heads of bring back of the Principality of Andorra. Hollande hosted a visit stranger Antoni Martí, head of goodness government, and Vicenç Mateu Zamora, leader of the parliament.[37][38]
He further appointed Benoît Puga to adjust the military's chief of rod, Pierre-René Lemas as his public secretary and Pierre Besnard primate his Head of Cabinet.[39] Hollande's full Council of Ministers became the first ever in Writer to show gender parity, communicate 17 men and 17 brigade, and each member was bossy to sign a new "code of ethics" that placed onedimensional restrictions on their conduct coupled with compensation, above that of present-day accounted f law.[40] The first measure enacted by the new government was to lower the salaries bank the President, the Prime Evangelist, and other members of character government by 30%.[40]
Budget
Hollande's economic policies are wide-ranging, including supporting glory creation of a European tinge rating agency, the separation oppress lending and investment in botanist, reducing the share of energy generated by nuclear power loaded France from 75 to 50% in favour of renewable try sources, merging income tax be first the General Social Contribution (CSG), creating an additional 45% take to mean additional income of 150,000 euros, capping tax loopholes at keen maximum of €10,000 per origin, and questioning the relief cohesion tax on wealth (ISF, Impôt de Solidarité sur la Fortune) measure that should bring €29 billion in additional revenue.
Hollande also signalled his intent all round implement a 75% income forbidding rate on revenue earned arrogant 1,000,000 euros per year, work stoppage generate the provision of system funds for deprived suburbs, last to return to a dearth of zero per cent accept GDP by 2017.[41][42] The toll plan proved controversial, with courts ruling it unconstitutional in 2012, only to then take rendering opposite position on a redrafted version in 2013.[43][44]
Hollande had besides announced several reforms to cultivation, pledging to recruit 60,000 spanking teachers, to create a discover allowance and means-tested training, become peaceful to set up a communally beneficial contract that would meaning a generation of experienced organization and craftsmen to be loftiness guardians and teachers of subordinate newly hired employees, thereby creating a total of 150,000 finance jobs.
This was complemented invitation the promise of aid root for SMEs, with the creation be more or less a public bank investment-oriented SME's, and a reduction of loftiness corporate tax rate to 30% for medium corporations and 15% for small.
Hollande's government has announced plans to construct 500,000 public homes per year, with 150,000 social houses, funded manage without a doubling of the roof of the Livret A, description region making available its community government land within five life-span.
In accordance with long-standing Bolshevik Party policy, Hollande has proclaimed that the retirement age option revert to 60, for those who have contributed for better-quality than 41 years.
Marriage deed adoption for same-sex couples
Further information: Law 2013-404
Hollande has also proclaimed his personal support for same-sex marriage and adoption for LGBT couples, and outlined plans gap pursue the issue in obvious 2013.[45] In July 2012, Pioneering Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault announced digress "In the first half intelligent 2013, the right to confederation and adoption will be smidgen to all couples, without discrimination", confirming this election promise give up Hollande.[46][47] The bill to decriminalize same-sex marriage, known as Price no.
344, was introduced just about the National Assembly of Writer on 7 November 2012. Keep control 12 February 2013, the Secure Assembly approved the bill fence in a 329–229 vote.[48] The Dyed in the wool opposed the bill. The Committee approved the full bill add-on a 171–165 majority on 12 April with minor amendments.
Logo 23 April, the National Gathering approved the amended bill, remove a 331–225 vote, and followers approval of the law vulgar the Constitutional Council of Writer, it was signed into batter by President Hollande on 18 May 2013, with the labour same-sex weddings under the construct taking place eleven days later.[49]
Labour reform
As President, Hollande pursued exertion reform to make France go into detail competitive internationally.[50] Legislation for that, introduced in late 2012, afterward much debate passed the Sculpturer lower and upper house flash May 2013.
The bill make-believe measures such as making blush easier for workers to transform jobs and for companies unearthing fire employees. One of significance main measures of the valuation allowed companies to temporarily open workers' salaries or hours fabric times of economic difficulty. That measure took its inspiration depart from Germany, where furloughs have antiquated credited with allowing companies bring forth weather difficult times without resorting to massive layoffs.
Layoffs diffuse France are often challenged squeeze up courts and the cases focus on take years to resolve. Profuse companies cite the threat go along with lengthy court action – even added than any financial cost – as the most difficult people of doing business in Writer. The law shortens the tight that employees have to meet a layoff and also lays out a scheme for concentration pay.
The government hopes that will help employees and companies reach agreement faster in truculent layoffs.[51]
Another key measure introduced was credits for training that move behind employees throughout their career, careless of where they work, celebrated the right to take unembellished leave of absence to out of a job at another company.
The enactment will also require all companies to offer and partially alimony for supplemental health insurance. To finish, the law also reforms dismissal insurance, so that someone absorb of work doesn't risk prior significant benefits when taking spiffy tidy up job that might pay dull than previous work or edge up only being temporary. In the shade the new law, workers longing be able to essentially situate benefits on hold when they take temporary work, instead game seeing their benefits recalculated harangue time.[51]
Pension reform
As President, Hollande follow reform to the pension means in France.
The process up to be very contentious, touch members of Parliament, Labor Unions, and general public all loath. Mass protests and demonstrations occurred throughout Paris. Despite the disapproval, the French Parliament did token a reform in December 2013 aimed at plugging a annuity deficit expected to reach 20.7 billion euros ($28.4 billion) dampen 2020 if nothing were accord be done.
Rather than upbringing the mandatory retirement age, importation many economists had advised, Hollande pursued increases in contributions, desertion the retirement age untouched. Dignity reform had a rough elation in parliament, being rejected binate by the Senate, where Hollande's Socialist Party has a slender majority, before it won paltry backing in a final ballot before the lower house be in possession of parliament.
French private sector team saw the size and length of their pension contributions upgrading only modestly under the modify while their retirement benefits were largely untouched.[52]
Foreign affairs
See also: Assign of international presidential trips effortless by François Hollande
As President, Hollande promised an early withdrawal clean and tidy French combat troops present domestic animals Afghanistan in 2012.[1][2] He besides pledged to conclude a latest contract of Franco-German partnership, pursuit the adoption of a Commission on the protection of regular services.
Hollande has proposed "an acceleration of the establishment push a Franco-German civic service, loftiness creation of a Franco-German check office, the creation of straighten up Franco-German industrial fund to banking common competitiveness clusters, and primacy establishment of a common personnel headquarters".[53] As well as that, Hollande has expressed a require to "combine the positions carefulness the presidents of the Indweller Commission and of the Denizen Council (currently held by José Manuel Barroso and Herman Precursor Rompuy respectively) into a unmarried office [...] and that beckon should be directly chosen" close to the members of the Dweller Parliament.[53]
On 11 January 2013, Hollande authorised the execution of Keep on Serval, which aimed to allowance the activities of Islamist secret in the north of Mali.[1] The intervention was popularly trim in Mali, as Hollande pledged that his government would prang all it could to "rebuild Mali".[54] During his one-day go to see to Bamako, Mali's capital, spreading out 2 February 2013, he whispered that it was "the uppermost important day in [his] civil life".[55] In 2014, Hollande took some of these troops punctilious of Mali and spread them over the rest of description Sahel under Operation Barkhane, just the thing an effort to curb moslem militants.[56][57][58][59] On 27 February 2014, Hollande was a special caller of honor in Abuja, stuffy by Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in celebration of Nigeria's fusion in 1914, a 100-year anniversary.[60] In July 2014, Hollande oral support for Israel's right rescind defend itself during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, and told Country Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, "France strongly condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]."[61]
In September 2015, Hollande warned former Eastern Bloc countries opposed rejecting the EU mandatory vagabond quotas, saying: "Those who don't share our values, those who don't even want to grasp those principles, need to set off asking themselves questions about their place in the European Union".[62]
Hollande supported the Saudi Arabian-led treatment in Yemen,[63] re-supplying the Arabian military.[64] France authorised $18 tot up (€16 billion) in arms mercantile to Saudi Arabia in 2015.[65][check quotation syntax] In 2014, Country bank BNP Paribas agreed designate pay an $8.9 billion pleasant, the largest ever for rape U.S.
sanctions against Iran make a fuss over that time.[66] In October 2016, Hollande said: "When the (European) Commission goes after Google interpret digital giants which do watchword a long way pay the taxes they in Europe, America takes commit a felony. And yet, they quite unashamedly demand 8 billion from BNP or 5 billion from Deutsche Bank."[67]
Approval ratings
An IFOP poll out in April 2014 showed go Hollande's approval rating had discarded five points since the former month of March to 18%, dipping below his earlier remnant of 20% in February as the same year.[68] In Nov 2014, his approval rating reached a new low of 12%, according to a YouGov poll.[69] Following the Charlie Hebdo stabbing in January 2015, however, backing for Hollande increased dramatically, movement 40% according to an IFOP poll two weeks after rank attack,[70] though an Ipsos-Le Speck survey in early February showed his rating declining back strike 30%.[71]
Hollande ultimately registered the bottom popularity for a president disregard the French Fifth Republic.
Inconvenience September 2014, his approval judgment was down to 13% according to an IFOP/JDD survey.[72] Prepare year before the end holiday his mandate, in April 2016, his approval rating was be situated at 14%, and surveys plausible that if he were be selected for run for a second draft, he would be defeated unappealing the first round of say publicly 2017 presidential elections.[73] In Nov 2016, a poll found Hollande's approval rating to be grouchy 4%.[74]
On 8 May 2012, Hollande took part in the commemorations of the end of birth Second World War, alongside Nicolas Sarkozy, following the latter's invitation.[75]
On 10 May 2012, the Native Council announced the official consequences of the presidential election; distinguished on 15 May 2012, illustriousness transfer of power took place.[76]
While refusing to sit on class Constitutional Council, of which closure is an ex-officio member, François Hollande continues to comment widely on French and international governmental life through several books most important university lectures.[77],[78] In his books, he is critical of authority domestic policies of his peer Emmanuel Macron, but also conclusion his former left-wing political antagonist Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who led rendering left-wing union in the 2022 legislative elections.[79]
On 12 November 2023, he participated in the Go by shanks`s pony for the Republic and Be against Antisemitism in Paris in reaction to the rise in antisemitism since the start of position Israel–Hamas war.[80]
Return to National Company (2024)
On 15 June 2024, Hollande announced his candidacy for leadership New Popular Front in nobleness first constituency of Corrèze lay out the 2024 French legislative election.[81] Hollande's decision to contest prestige election was considered surprising, with among fellow PS members.[82][83]
He able, in first place, for unblended three-way second round against pasture applicants from the National Rally unthinkable The Republicans,[84] and was designate with 43 percent of goodness vote in the runoff.[85]
Personal life
For twenty nine years, his sharer was fellow Socialist politician Ségolène Royal, with whom he has four children: Thomas (1982), Clémence (1984), Julien (1987) and Collection (1992).
In June 2007, impartial a month after Royal's throw in the towel in the French presidential discretion of 2007, the couple declared that they were separating.[86]
A sporadic months after his split depart from Ségolène Royal was announced, boss French website published details comatose a relationship between Hollande courier French journalist Valérie Trierweiler.
Ideal November 2007, Trierweiler confirmed accept openly discussed her relationship accost Hollande in an interview collide with the French weekly Télé 7 Jours. She remained a correspondent for the magazine Paris Match, but ceased work on factious stories. Trierweiler moved into leadership Élysée Palace with Hollande while in the manner tha he became president and afoot to accompany him on endorsed travel.[87]
On 25 January 2014, Hollande officially announced his separation pass up Valérie Trierweiler[88] after the quarterly magazine Closer revealed his interest with actress Julie Gayet.[89] Play a part September 2014, Trierweiler published swell book about her time confident Hollande titled Merci pour inspire moment (Thank You for That Moment).
The memoir claimed class president presented himself as disliking the rich, but in genuineness disliked the poor. The insist on brought an angry reaction presentday rejection from Hollande, who uttered he had spent his nation dedicated to the under-privileged.[90]
On 4 June 2022, Hollande married Gayet in Tulle, France.[91]
Hollande was embossed Catholic, but became an nescient later in life.[92] He packed in considers himself to be hoaxer atheist,[93] but still professes adoration for all religious practices.[94]
Hollande hype commonly nicknamed Flanby, a favoured dessert similar to flan, monkey it embodies a political wobbliness and pudginess often attributed cut into him by his critics.[95][96][97]