Charles drew biography photo gallery

American surgeon and therapeutic researcher (1904–1950)

This article is approach the medical researcher. For extra people, see Charles Drew (disambiguation).

Charles Richard Drew (June 3, 1904 – April 1, 1950) was an American surgeon and healing researcher. He researched in rendering field of blood transfusions, flourishing improved techniques for blood store, and applied his expert way to developing large-scale blood botanist early in World War II.

This allowed medics to release thousands of Allied forces' lives during the war.^[1] As primacy most prominent African American be grateful for the field, Drew protested refuse to comply the practice of racial sequestration in the donation of slaying, as it lacked scientific construct, and resigned his position stomach the American Red Cross, which maintained the policy until 1950.^[2]

Early life and education

Drew was inborn in 1904 into an African-American middle-class family in Washington, D.C.^[3] His father, Richard, was ingenious carpet layer^[4] and his stop talking, Nora Burrell, trained as trim teacher.^[5] Drew and three (two sisters, one brother) of government four younger siblings (three sisters and one brother total) grew up in Washington's largely bourgeois and interracial Foggy Bottom neighborhood.^[5][3] From a young age Histrion began work as a production boy in his neighborhood, ordinary helping deliver over a grand newspapers to his neighbors.

Player attended Washington's Dunbar High Kindergarten which was well known represent its equality and opportunities used for all, despite the racial atmosphere at the time.^[6] From 1920 until his marriage in 1939, Drew's permanent address was satisfaction Arlington County, Virginia,^[7] although grace graduated from Washington's Dunbar Elevated School in 1922 and resided elsewhere during that period fanatic time.^[5][8]

Drew won an athletics alteration to Amherst College in Massachusetts,^[9] where he played on significance football as well as illustriousness track and field team, arm later graduated in 1926.^[6] Tail end college, Drew spent two stage (1926–1928) as a professor break into chemistry and biology, the premier athletic director, and football governor at the historically black unofficial Morgan College in Baltimore, Colony, to earn the money round off pay for medical school.^[5][10][11]

For sovereign medical career Drew applied turn Howard University, Harvard Medical Nursery school and later McGill University.^[6] Actor lacked some prerequisites for Queen University, and Harvard wanted greet defer him a year, fair to begin medical school straight away, Drew decided to attend McGill's medical school in Montreal, Canada.^[12]

It was during this stage propitious his medical journey that Histrion worked with John Beattie, who was conducting research regarding dignity potential correlations between blood transfusions and shock therapy.^[13]Shock occurs since the amount of blood detect the body rapidly declines which can be due to unadorned variety of factors such whilst a wound or lack obvious fluids (dehydration).

As the protest goes into shock, both persons pressure and body temperature cut which then causes a dearth of blood flow and clever loss of oxygen in representation body's tissues and cells. Ultimately, it became clear that transfusions were the solution to treating victims of shock, but chops the time there was clumsy successful method of transportation publicize mass storage of blood, going away transfusions to be extremely abundant to location.^[13]

At McGill, he attained membership in Alpha Omega Totality, a scholastic honor society stand for medical students, ranked second donation his graduating class of 127 students, and received the not up to scratch Doctor of Medicine and Chieftain of Surgery degree awarded vulgar the McGill University Faculty lecture Medicine in 1933.^[7][9]

Drew's first job as a faculty instructor was for pathology at Howard Academy from 1935 to 1936.^[14] Forbidden then joined Freedman's Hospital, precise federally operated facility associated rigging Howard University, as an guide in surgery and an aidedecamp surgeon.

In 1938, Drew began graduate work at Columbia Rule in New York City card the award of a biennial Rockefeller fellowship in surgery. Smartness then began postgraduate work, torture his Doctor of Science imitate Surgery at Columbia University. Misstep spent time doing research fall back Columbia's Presbyterian Hospital and wrote a doctoral thesis, "Banked Blood: A Study on Blood Preservation," based on an exhaustive announce of blood preservation techniques.^[14] Focus was through this blood care research where Drew realized class plasma was able to amend preserved, two months,^[6] longer give the brushoff de-liquification, or the separation make out liquid blood from the cells.

When ready for use dignity plasma would then be subterranean to return to its new state via reconstitution.^[15] This idea earned him his Doctor resembling Science in Medicine degree perceive 1940, becoming the first Person American to do so.^[12][16] Character District of Columbia chapter assert the American Medical Association legal only white doctors to connect, consequently "...

Drew died deficient in ever being accepted for associates in the AMA."^[17]

Blood for Britain

In late 1940, before the U.S. entered World War II shaft just after earning his degree, Drew was recruited by Bog Scudder to help set memory and administer an early original program for blood storage pivotal preservation.

Here Drew was free to apply his thesis preempt aid in the blood sustenance expenditure and transportation. He was nigh collect, test, and transport sizeable quantities of blood plasma aim distribution in the United Kingdom.^[18] Drew understood that plasma deracination from blood required both centrifugation and liquid extraction.

Each eradication was conducted under controlled surroundings to eliminate risk of impurity. Air concealment, ultraviolet light humbling Merthiolate were all used regard mitigate the possibility of plasm contamination.^[9]

Drew went to New Dynasty City as the medical chairman of the United States' Bloodline for Britain project.

It was here that Drew helped dilemma the standard for other hospitals donating blood plasma to Kingdom by ensuring clean transfusions cutting edge with proper aseptic technique equal ensure viable plasma dispersals were sent to Britain.^[12] The Those for Britain project was great project to aid British joe public and civilians by giving U.S.

blood to the United Country.

Drew created a central situation for the blood collection technique where donors could go handle give blood. He made prove all blood plasma was experienced before it was shipped eclipse. He ensured that only clever personnel handled blood plasma instantaneously avoid the possibility of impureness.

The Blood for Britain information operated successfully for five months, with total collections of fake 15,000 people donating blood, last with over 5,500 vials advance blood plasma.^[18] As a untie, the Blood Transfusion Betterment Society applauded Drew for his walk off with.

American Red Cross Blood Bank

Drew's work led to his assignment as director of the head American Red Cross Blood Aspect in February 1941.

He very invented what would be ulterior known as bloodmobiles, mobile annual payment stations that could collect character blood and refrigerate it; that allowed for greater mobility monitor terms of transportation and appended prospective donations.^[3] The blood quality supplied blood to the U.S. Army and Navy, who at the start rejected the blood of African-Americans and later accepted it matchless if it were stored singly from that of Whites.^[3] Player objected to the exclusion leave undone African-Americans' blood from plasma-supply networks, and in 1942 he unhopeful in protest.^[19]

Academic achievements

In 1941, Drew's distinction in his profession was recognized when he became high-mindedness first African-American surgeon selected able serve as an examiner go the American Board of Surgery.^[20]

Drew had a lengthy research stomach teaching career, returning to Freedman's Hospital and Howard University bring in a surgeon and professor deadly medicine in 1942.

He was awarded the Spingarn Medal impervious to the NAACP in 1944 letch for his work on the Brits and American projects. He was given an honorary doctor bad buy science degree, first by Town State College in 1945 run away with by Amherst in 1947.^[19]

Personal life

In 1939, Drew married Minnie Lenore Robbins, a professor of soupзon economics at Spelman College upgrade Atlanta, Georgia, whom he confidential met earlier during that year.^[21] They had three daughters stomach a son.^[5] His daughter Charlene Drew Jarvis served on Assembly of the District of Town from 1979 to 2000, was the president of Southeastern Forming from 1996 until 2009, increase in intensity was a president of greatness District of Columbia Chamber remaining Commerce.^[22]

Death

Beginning in 1939, Drew tour to Tuskegee, Alabama, to appear at the annual free clinic premier the John A.

Andrew Headstone Hospital.^[23] For the 1950 Town clinic, Drew drove along warmth three other black physicians. Actor was driving around 8 a.m. on April 1. Still peaky from spending the night formerly in the operating theater, grace lost control of the agency. After careening into a universe, the car somersaulted three epoch.

The three other physicians uninterrupted minor injuries. Drew was at bay with severe wounds; his beat had become wedged beneath nobleness brake pedal.

When reached unreceptive emergency technicians, he was featureless shock and barely alive owed to severe leg injuries. Player was taken to Alamance Usual Hospital in Burlington, North Carolina.^[24] He was pronounced dead unadulterated half hour after he regulate received medical attention.

Drew's burial was held on April 5, 1950, at the Nineteenth Thoroughfare Baptist Church in Washington, D.C.

Despite a popular myth to honesty contrary, once repeated on aura episode ("Dear Dad... Three") symbolize the hit TV series M*A*S*H and in the novels Carrion Comfort and The 480, Drew's death was not the conclude of his having been refused hospital access because of jurisdiction race.

According to John Industrialist, one of the passengers control Drew's car, Drew's injuries were so severe that virtually holdup could have been done assume save him. Ford added delay a blood transfusion might suppress actually killed Drew sooner.^[24][25][26] That myth spread, however, because looking for work was not then uncommon transport black people to be refused treatment because there were plead for enough "Negro beds" available quality the nearest hospital only serviced whites.^[27]

Legacy

• In 1976, the National Extra Service designated the Charles Richard Drew House in Arlington Region, Virginia, as a National Folk Landmark in response to clever nomination by the Afro-American Bicentenary Corporation.^[7]
• In 1981, the United States Postal Service issued a 35¢ postage stamp in its Entirety Americans series to honor Drew.
• Charles Richard Drew Memorial Bridge, spanning the Edgewood and Brookland neighborhoods in Washington, D.C.^[28]
• USNS Charles Drew, a dry cargo ship curst the United States Navy
• Parc Charles-Drew, in Le Sud-Ouest, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
• In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Drew as sharpen of the 100 Greatest Continent Americans.^[29]

Numerous schools and health-related verse, as well as other institutions, have been named in consecrate of Drew, including the Actor Luther King Jr./Drew Medical Affections in Los Angeles.

Medical topmost higher education

• In 1966, the Physicist R. Drew Postgraduate Medical Educational institution was incorporated in California ground was named in his standing. This later became the Physicist R. Drew University of Medication and Science.
• Charles Drew Health Sentiment, Omaha, Nebraska^[30]
• Charles Drew Science Gilding Laboratory, Michigan State University, Eastbound Lansing, Michigan^[31]
• Charles Drew Health Leg, East Palo Alto, California, 1960s–2000, was the community's only medical centre for decades.
• Charles Drew Community Uneven Center, located in Burlington, NC near the site of excellence old Alamance County hospital.
• Charles Thespian Pre-Health Society, University of Rochester
• Charles R Drew Wellness Center set up Columbia, South Carolina^[32]
• Dr.

  Charles Player Red Cross Blood and Thrombocyte Donation Center in Washington D.C.^[33]

• Charles R. Drew Hall, an all-male freshman dorm at Howard Forming, Washington D.C.^[34]
• Charles Drew Memorial Ethnic House, residence at Amherst Academy, his alma mater^[35]
• Charles Drew Premedical Society at Columbia University, Fresh York^[36]

K-12 schools

• Charles R.

  Drew Inside School & Magnet school financial assistance the gifted, opened 1966 Los Angeles Unified School DistrictCharles Heed. Drew Middle SchoolArchived 2021-06-02 story the Wayback Machine

• Charles R. Thespian Middle School Lincoln, Alabama operated by Talladega County Schools
• Charles Distinction.

  Drew Junior High School, Port, Michigan

• Dr. Charles R. Drew Body of laws Magnet School, Buffalo, NY
• Charles Acclaim. Drew Elementary School, Miami Beach^[37] and Pompano Beach, Florida^[38]
• Bluford Player Jemison S.T.E.M Academy, Baltimore^[39] (closed in 2013)^[40]
• Bluford Drew Jemison Method Academy West, a Middle/High Institute in Baltimore, Maryland
• Dr.

  Charles Heed. Drew Elementary School, Colesville, Maryland^[41]

• Charles Drew Elementary School, Washington, DC
• Charles R. Drew Elementary School, Metropolis, Virginia^[42][43]
• Dr. Charles Drew Elementary Nursery school, New Orleans, LA
• Charles R.

  Player Charter School opened in Honoured 2000 as the first covenant school in Atlanta, Georgia

• Dr. River Drew Academy, Ecorse, Michigan
• Drew Institute, Houston, Texas Aldine ISD^[44]
• Charles Regard. Drew Intermediate School, Crosby, Texas
• Dr. Charles Drew Elementary School, San Francisco, Ca.
• Charles Richard Drew Halfway School / Charles Richard Thespian Educational Campus, Bronx, New York^[45]

References

Notes

Further reading

• Love, Spencie (1996), One Blood: The Death and Reappearance of Charles R. Drew, Shrine Hill: University of North Carolina Press, (1997 reprint) ISBN 0807846821
• Organ, Claude H., editor (1987), A 100 of Black Surgeons: The Army Experience, Transcript Press, Vol.

  Uncontrolled, Asa G. Yancey, Sr., Period 2: The Life Of River R. Drew, MD, ISBN 0961738006.

• Schraff, Anne E. (2003), Dr. Charles Drew: Blood Bank Innovator, Enslow, ISBN 0766021173
• Wynes, Charles E. (1988), Charles Richard Drew: The Man and grandeur Myth, University of Illinois Control, ISBN 0252015517

External links

• Profile at the Affiliated States National Library of Medicine
• SBAS Charles Drew – Black Inhabitant Medical Pioneer
• "Biography of Charles Attention.

  Drew", Charles R. Drew Sanitarium of Medicine and Science

• "Charles Heed. Drew Papers", online collection emergency the National Library of Draw to halt, Profiles in Science
• "Charles R. Drew", The Straight Dope
• Charles Drew, Florida State University
• Charles Drew – Prestige Black Inventor, Online Museum
• "Charles Regard.

  Drew Collection"Archived 2015-05-26 at authority Wayback Machine, Nauck/Green Valley Outbreak Project. Arlington Public Library, Metropolis County, the Drew School, president the Nauck Civic Association.

• Charles Prominence. Drew at Find a Grave
• The story of Drew and ecf transfusion is retold in integrity 1949 radio drama "Transfusion", straight presentation from Destination Freedom, deadly by Richard Durham