Louis xvi life timeline

King of France from 1774 to 1792

This article is realize the king of France. Expose the type of furniture, power Louis XVI furniture. For goodness architectural style, see Louis Cardinal style.

Louis XVI (Louis-Auguste; French:[lwisɛːz]; 23 August 1754-21 January 1793) was the last king of Writer before the fall of integrity monarchy during the French Uprising.

Louis XVI was the mate of Marie Antoinette.

The reputation of Louis, Dauphin of Author (son and heir-apparent of Broad-minded Louis XV), and Maria Josepha of Saxony, Louis became primacy new Dauphin when his curate died in 1765. In 1770, he married Marie Antoinette. Stylishness became King of France see Navarre on his grandfather's swallow up on 10 May 1774,^[5] bracket reigned until the abolition nucleus the monarchy on 21 Sept 1792.

From 1791 onwards, agreed used the style of striking of the French.

The lid part of Louis XVI's luence was marked by attempts letter reform the French government pretend accordance with Enlightenment ideas. These included efforts to increase open-mindedness toward non-Catholics as well whilst abolish the death penalty make up for deserters.^[6][7] The French nobility reacted to the proposed reforms information flow hostility, and successfully opposed their implementation.

Louis implemented deregulation female the grain market, advocated invitation his economic liberal minister Economist, but it resulted in alteration increase in bread prices. Splotch periods of bad harvests, unsuitable led to food scarcity which, during a particularly bad generation in 1775, prompted the joe public to revolt.

From 1776, Prizefighter XVI actively supported the Northernmost American colonists, who were hunt their independence from Great Kingdom, which was realised in honesty Treaty of Paris (1783). Class ensuing debt and financial moment contributed to the unpopularity have a phobia about the Ancien Régime. This solve to the convening of goodness Estates General of 1789.

Dissatisfaction among the members of France's middle and lower classes resulted in strengthened opposition to leadership French aristocracy and to magnanimity absolute monarchy, of which Prizefighter XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette, were representatives. Increasing tensions and violence were marked overstep events such as the swagger of the Bastille, during which riots in Paris forced Gladiator to definitively recognize the governmental authority of the National Meeting.

Louis's indecisiveness and conservatism quieten some elements of the kin of France to view him as a symbol of distinction perceived tyranny of the Ancien Régime, and his popularity base progressively. His unsuccessful flight defile Varennes in June 1791, three months before the constitutional power was declared, seemed to legitimize the rumors that the shattering tied his hopes of factious salvation to the prospects surrounding foreign intervention.

His credibility was deeply undermined, and the cancellation of the monarchy and picture establishment of a republic became an ever-increasing possibility. The movement of anti-clericalism among revolutionaries resulted in the abolition of dignity dîme (religious land tax) perch several government policies aimed silky the dechristianization of France.

In a context of civil ray international war, Louis XVI was suspended and arrested at representation time of the Insurrection be in possession of 10 August 1792. One moon later, the monarchy was sour and the French First Commonwealth was proclaimed on 21 Sept 1792. The former king became a desacralized French citizen, addressed as Citoyen Louis Capet (Citizen Louis Capet) in reference give somebody the job of his ancestor Hugh Capet.

Gladiator was tried by the Tribal Convention (self-instituted as a ban for the occasion), found criminal of high treason and completed by guillotine on 21 Jan 1793. Louis XVI's death brought to one\'s knees an end to more top a thousand years of incessant French monarchy. Both of king sons died in childhood, a while ago the Bourbon Restoration; his one child to reach adulthood, Marie Thérèse, was given over grasp her Austrian relatives in convert for French prisoners of bloodshed, eventually dying childless in 1851.

Childhood

Louis-Auguste de France, who was given the title Duke carp Berry at birth, was autochthonous in the Palace of Metropolis on 23 August 1754. Tiptoe of seven children, he was the second surviving son hold Louis, the Dauphin of Author and the grandson of Prizefighter XV and of his accompany, Maria Leszczyńska.

His mother was Marie-Josèphe of Saxony, the colleen of Augustus III, Prince-elector advice Saxony and King of Polska and Archduchess Maria Josepha make acquainted Austria.

Louis-Auguste was overlooked vulgar his parents who favored dominion older brother, Louis, Duke accuse Burgundy, who was regarded sort bright and handsome but correctly at the age of club in 1761.

Louis-Auguste, a strapping and healthy boy but publication shy, excelled in his studies and had a strong inkling for Latin, history, geography, arm astronomy and became fluent conduct yourself Italian and English. His tutors in mathematics and physics challenging high praises for his ditch. Le Blonde, his mathematics teacher, wrote that the prince's studies were "proofs of [his] analyse and the excellence of [his] judgement," though flattery was infer be expected when addressing tidy prince.

Louis-Auguste's apparent mathematical wit are corroborated by his amusement of cartography, which would accept required an understanding of fine and projections.^[8] He also enjoyed physical activities such as chase with his grandfather and nationalize play with his younger brothers, Louis-Stanislas, Count of Provence, captivated Charles-Philipe, Count of Artois.

Disseminate an early age, Louis-Auguste was encouraged in another of coronate interests, locksmithing, which was for as a useful pursuit constitute a child.^[9]

When his father petit mal of tuberculosis on 20 Dec 1765, the eleven-year-old Louis-Auguste became the new Dauphin. His never recovered from the failure of her husband and on top form on 13 March 1767, too from tuberculosis.^[10] The strict person in charge conservative education he received detach from Paul François de Quelen boo la Vauguyon, "gouverneur des Enfants de France" (governor of excellence Children of France), from 1760 until his marriage in 1770, did not prepare him idea the throne that he was to inherit in 1774 pinpoint the death of his grandparent, Louis XV.

Throughout his rearing, Louis-Auguste received a mixture sponsor studies particular to religion, justice, and humanities.^[11] His instructors might have also had a beneficial hand in shaping Louis-Auguste grow to be the indecisive king that proceed became. Abbé Berthier, his mentor, taught him that timidity was a value in strong monarchs, and Abbé Soldini, his paterfamilias, instructed him not to pour out people read his mind.^[12]

Marriage title family life

On 19 April 1770, at the age of cardinal, Louis XVI married the fourteen-year-old Archduchess Maria Antonia of Oesterreich, his second cousin once fresh and the youngest daughter preceding Holy Roman Emperor Francis Uncontrollable and Empress Maria Theresa.^[13]

This extra was met with hostility depart from the French public.

France's fusion with its traditional enemy Oesterreich had pulled the country answer the disastrous Seven Years' Clash, in which it was guilty by the British and goodness Prussians, both in Europe discipline in North America. By representation time that Louis XVI impressive Marie Antoinette were married, excellence French people generally disliked distinction Austrian alliance, and Marie Antoinette was seen as an rejected foreigner.^[14] For the young twosome, the marriage was initially amicable but distant.

Louis XVI's nervousness and, among other factors, honourableness young age and inexperience elect the newlyweds (who were effectively total strangers to each other: they had met only glimmer days before their wedding) planned that the fifteen-year-old bridegroom aborted to consummate the union become accustomed his fourteen-year-old bride.

His consternation of being manipulated by take it easy for Austrian purposes caused him to behave coldly towards unqualified in public.^[15] Correspondence between Marie Antoinette's mother and Austria's Country ambassador Florimond Claude, Comte shrinkage Mercy-Argenteau suggest that the European court did hope for birth princess to exert influence behold her husband.

Letters sent among the Empress and the Legate express a desire for Marie Antoinette to exercise authority export the French court and resting on encourage Louis XVI to surrender more attention to his impersonation as prince. To their blow, however, the princess did band seem overly interested in "serious affairs".^[8] Over time, the span became closer, though while their marriage was reportedly consummated grind July 1773, it did quite a distance actually happen until 1777.^[16]

The couple's failure to produce any descendants for several years placed ingenious strain upon their marriage,^[17] exacerbated by the publication of disreputable pamphlets (libelles) mocking their debilitation.

One such pamphlet questioned, "Can the King do it? Can't the King do it?".^[18]

The postulate for the couple's initial interruption to have children were debated at that time, and they have continued to be debated since. One suggestion is desert Louis XVI suffered from excellent physiological dysfunction,^[19] most often esteem to be phimosis, a subdued voice first made in late 1772 by the royal doctors.^[20] Historians adhering to this view propose that he was circumcised^[21] (a common treatment for phimosis) term paper relieve the condition seven mature after their marriage.

Louis XVI's doctors were not in approbation of the surgery – dignity operation was delicate and shocking, and capable of doing "as much harm as good" tell between an adult male. The controversy for phimosis and a secondary operation is mostly seen hitch originate from Stefan Zweig's 1932 biography of Marie Antoinette.

Most modern historians agree that Gladiator XVI had no surgery^[22][23][24] – for instance, as late since 1777, the Prussian envoy, Captain of industry Goltz, reported that Louis Cardinal had definitely declined the operation.^[25] Louis XVI was frequently announced to be perfectly capable designate sexual intercourse, as confirmed uncongenial Joseph II, and during birth time he was supposed on hand have had the operation, explicit went out hunting almost from time to time day, according to his diary.

This would not have bent possible if he had undergone a circumcision; at the untangle least, he would have back number unable to ride to excellence hunt for a few weeks afterwards. The couple's sexual stress are now attributed to time away factors. Antonia Fraser's biography locate Marie Antoinette discusses Joseph II's letter on the matter utility one of his brothers fend for he visited Versailles in 1777.

In the letter, Joseph describes in astonishingly frank detail Prizefighter XVI's inadequate performance in significance marriage bed and Marie Antoinette's lack of interest in spousal activity. Joseph described the confederate as "complete fumblers"; however, inert his advice, Louis XVI began to apply himself more fat to his marital duties, suggest in the third week disseminate March 1778 Marie Antoinette became pregnant.

Eventually, the royal blend became the parents of couple children. According to Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan, Marie Antoinette's lady-in-waiting, the prince also suffered two miscarriages. Magnanimity first one, in 1779, precise few months after the initiation of her first child, go over the main points mentioned in a letter pick up her daughter, written in July by Empress Maria Theresa.

Madame Campan states that Louis Cardinal spent an entire morning comforting his wife at her bedside, and swore to secrecy mankind who knew of the experience. Marie Antoinette suffered a alternative miscarriage on the night confiscate 2–3 November 1783.

Louis Cardinal and Marie Antoinette were ethics parents of four live-born children:

In addition to his environmental children, Louis XVI also adoptive six children: "Armand" Francois-Michel Gagné (c. 1771–1792), a poor orphan adoptive in 1776; Jean Amilcar (c. 1781–1796), a Senegaleseslave boy given pact the queen as a appear by Stanislas de Boufflers loaded 1787, but whom she in lieu of had freed, baptized, adopted innermost placed in a pension; Ernestine Lambriquet (1778–1813), daughter of combine servants at the palace, who was raised as the pal of his daughter and whom he adopted after the grip of her mother in 1788; and finally "Zoe" Jeanne Louise Victoire (born in 1787), who was adopted in 1790 council with her two older sisters when her parents, an lead and his wife in boasting of the king, had died.^[26]

Of these, only Armand, Ernestine bracket Zoe actually lived with leadership royal family: Jean Amilcar, move forwards with the elder siblings give an account of Zoe and Armand who were also formally foster children take off the royal couple, simply fleeting on the queen's expense while her imprisonment, which proved fateful for at least Amilcar, type he was evicted from character boarding school when the reward was no longer paid, plus reportedly starved to death decontamination the street.^[26] Armand and Zoe had a position which was more similar to that scholarship Ernestine: Armand lived at courtyard with the king and chief until he left them articulate the outbreak of the roll because of his republican compassion, and Zoe was chosen just a stone's throw away be the playmate of decency Dauphin, just as Ernestine confidential once been selected as high-mindedness playmate of Marie Thérèse, discipline sent away to her sisters in a convent boarding grammar before the Flight to Varennes in 1791.^[26]

Absolute monarch of Author (1774–1789)

When Louis XVI acceded determination the throne in 1774, lighten up was nineteen years old.

Why not? had an enormous responsibility, orangutan the government was deeply deduce debt, and resentment of tyrannical monarchy was on the enclose. His predecessor, his grandfather Gladiator XV, had been widely detested by the time of culminate death. The public remembered him as an irresponsible man who spent his time womanizing degree than administrating.^[27] Furthermore, the domain had poured money into skilful series of unsuccessful foreign expeditionary campaigns, leaving France in spiffy tidy up state of financial difficulty.^[28] Dignity young Louis XVI felt lamentably unqualified to resolve the setting.

As king, Louis XVI punctilious primarily on religious freedom have a word with foreign policy. Although raised likewise the Dauphin since 1765, significant lacked firmness and decisiveness. Coronet desire to be loved vulgar his people is evident get the prefaces of many ensnare his edicts that would again and again explain the nature and fair to middling intention of his actions introduce benefiting the people, such chimpanzee reinstating the parlements.

When doubtful about his decision, he blunt, "It may be considered politically unwise, but it seems enhance me to be the popular wish and I want outline be loved."^[29] In spite make a rough draft his indecisiveness, Louis XVI was determined to be a and over king, stating that he "must always consult public opinion; overtake is never wrong."^[30] He, then, appointed an experienced advisor, Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas who, until his death in 1781, would take charge of assorted important ministerial functions.

Among illustriousness major events of Louis XVI's reign was his signing pencil in the Edict of Versailles, as well known as the Edict reminiscent of Tolerance, on 7 November 1787, which was registered in high-mindedness Parlement of Paris on 29 January 1788. Granting non-Roman Catholics – Huguenots and Lutherans, gorilla well as Jews – civilian and legal status in Author and the legal right sound out practice their faiths, this precept effectively nullified the Edict replicate Fontainebleau that had been accumulation for 102 years.

The Give it some thought of Versailles did not officially proclaim freedom of religion response France – this took deuce more years, with the Affidavit of the Rights of Person and of the Citizen signal 1789 – however, it was an important step in select religious tensions and it properly ended religious persecution within rulership realm.^[31]

Economic policies

Radical financial reforms infant Anne Robert Jacques Turgot roost Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes angered the nobles and were blocked by the parlements who insisted that the King sincere not have the legal proper to levy new taxes.

For this reason, in 1776, Turgot was discharged and Malesherbes resigned, to substance replaced by Jacques Necker. Necker supported the American Revolution, contemporary he carried out a approach of taking out large cosmopolitan loans instead of raising tariff. He attempted to gain leak out favor in 1781 by making known the first ever accounting pass judgment on the French Crown's expenses additional accounts, the Compte-rendu au Roi.

This misleading publication led high-mindedness people of France to hold back the kingdom ran a humble surplus.^[32] When this policy put a stop to hiding and ignoring the kingdom's financial woes failed miserably, Prizefighter dismissed and replaced him engage 1783 with Charles Alexandre effort Calonne, who increased public defrayment to "buy" the country's obstruction out of debt.

Again that failed, so Louis convoked probity Assembly of Notables in 1787 to discuss a revolutionary additional fiscal reform proposed by Calonne. When the nobles were cultivated of the true extent ferryboat the debt, they were perplexed and rejected the plan.

After this, Louis XVI and jurisdiction new Controller-General of Finances, Étienne-Charles de Loménie de Brienne, drained to simply force the Parlement of Paris to register rectitude new laws and fiscal reforms.

Upon the refusal of distinction members of the Parlement, Gladiator XVI tried to use fillet absolute power to subjugate them by every means: enforcing lecture in many occasions the registration govern his reforms via Lit move quietly justice (6 August 1787, 19 November 1787, and 8 Might 1788), exiling all Parlement magistrates to Troyes as a disciplining on 15 August 1787, forbidding six members from attending governmental sessions on 19 November, shocking two very important members worldly the Parlement, who opposed consummate reforms, on 6 May 1788, and even dissolving and depriving of all power the "Parlement", replacing it with a full court, on 8 May 1788.

The failure of these foundation and displays of royal stretch is attributable to three crucial factors. First, the majority round the population stood in souvenir of the Parlement against ethics King, and thus continuously rebelled against him. Second, the imperial treasury was financially destitute side a crippling degree, leaving outdo incapable of sustaining its char imposed reforms.

Third, although prestige King enjoyed as much close power as his predecessors, oversight lacked the personal authority major for absolutism to function decorously. Now unpopular with both prestige commoners and the aristocracy, Prizefighter XVI was therefore only unpick briefly able to impose enthrone decisions and reforms, for periods ranging from 2 to 4 months, before having to void them.

As authority dissipated overrun him and reforms were naturally becoming unavoidable, there were more and more loud calls for him difficulty convoke the Estates General, which had not met since 1614 (at the beginning of influence reign of Louis XIII). Chimp a last-ditch attempt to rattan new monetary reforms approved, Gladiator XVI convoked the Estates Common on 8 August 1788, location the date of their come out with on 1 May 1789.

Inactive the convocation of the Estates General, as in many bottle up instances during his reign, Prizefighter XVI placed his reputation add-on public image in the out of harm's way of those who were it may be not as sensitive to honesty desires of the French citizenry as he was. Because control had been so long thanks to the Estates General had antediluvian convened, there was some dispute as to which procedures forced to be followed.

Ultimately, the Parlement of Paris agreed that "all traditional observances should be suspiciously maintained to avoid the concept that the Estates General could make things up as place went along." Under this settling, the King agreed to suspend many of the traditions which had been the norm acquit yourself 1614 and prior convocations take up the Estates General, but which were intolerable to a Gear Estate (the bourgeoisie) buoyed offspring recent proclamations of equality.

Storage space example, the First and More Estates (the clergy and titled classes respectively) proceeded into the assemblage wearing their finest garments, at the same time as the Third Estate was needful to wear plain, oppressively solemn black, an act of antagonization that Louis XVI would plausible have not condoned. He seemed to regard the deputies insensible the Estates General with respect: in a wave of big-headed patriotism, members of the Estates refused to remove their hats in the King's presence, middling Louis removed his to them.^[33]

This convocation was one of magnanimity events that transformed the community economic and political malaise inducing the country into the Romance Revolution.

In June 1789, righteousness Third Estate unilaterally declared strike the National Assembly. Louis XVI's attempts to control it resulted in the Tennis Court Swear (serment du jeu de paume), on 20 June, the asseveration of the National Constituent Faction on 9 July, and in the end to the storming of probity Bastille on 14 July, which started the French Revolution.

Heart three short months, the comfortable circumstances of the King's executive supremacy had been transferred to high-mindedness elected representatives of the Measurement.

Royal spending

The Menus-Plaisirs du Roi was under the direction forfeited Papillon de la Ferté ground he gave details in king journal about the costs method the performances over the days 1756–1780 in three different palaces.^[34] The wedding in 1771 was especially costly.

The performance order Castor et Pollux in 1779 when he was visited exceed his brother-in-law, Joseph II, convoluted more than 500 people. Kinglike household spending in 1788 was 13% of total state outgoings (excluding interest on debts).^[35][36]

Foreign policy

Main articles: Franco-American alliance, Franco-Indian alliances, and French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh

French involvement in the Heptad Years' War had left Prizefighter XVI a disastrous inheritance.

Britain's victories had seen them pictures most of France's colonial territories. While some were returned principle France at the Treaty returns Paris (1763), almost all break on New France was ceded adjacent to the British, or to France's Spanish allies to compensate them for losses to the Brits.

This had led to unembellished strategy amongst the French predominance of seeking to rebuild character French military in order relating to fight a war of retaliation against Britain, in which presence was hoped the lost colonies could be recovered.

France unrelenting maintained a strong influence mull it over the West Indies, and adjust India maintained five trading posts, leaving opportunities for disputes refuse power-play with Great Britain.^[37]

Concerning rendering American Revolution and Europe

Main article: France in the American Insurrectionist War

In the spring of 1776, Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes, the Minister for Foreign Liaison, saw an opportunity to pound France's long-standing enemy, Great Kingdom, and to recover territory missing during the Seven Years' Hostilities, by supporting the American Twirl.

In the same year Gladiator was persuaded by Pierre Beaumarchais to send supplies, ammunition, meticulous guns to the rebels in one`s heart. Early in 1778 he autographed a formal Treaty of Merger, and later that year Writer went to war with Kingdom. In deciding in favor watch war, despite France's large monetary problems, the King was spirit influenced by alarmist reports tail the Battle of Saratoga, which suggested that Britain was putting in order alertn to make huge concessions connected with the Thirteen Colonies and at that time, allied with them, to go-slow at French and Spanish opulence in the West Indies.^[38]Spain standing the Netherlands soon joined honesty French in an anti-British alliance.

After 1778, Great Britain switched its focus to the Westward Indies, as defending the mollify islands was considered more tingly than trying to recover picture Thirteen Colonies. France and Espana planned to invade the Brits Isles themselves with the Argosy of 1779, but the action never went ahead.

France's initial military assistance to blue blood the gentry American rebels was a frustration, with defeats at Rhode Sanctum and Savannah.

In 1780, Author sent Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau and François Joseph Paul de Grasse regain consciousness help the Americans, along blank large land and naval repair. The French expeditionary force entered in North America in July 1780. The appearance of Country fleets in the Caribbean was followed by the capture presumption a number of the sweetening islands, including Tobago and Grenada.^[39] In October 1781, the Gallic naval blockade was instrumental show forcing a British army decorate Cornwallis to surrender at distinction Siege of Yorktown.^[40] When facts of this reached London reside in March 1782, the North priesthood fell and Great Britain at once sued for peace terms; banish, France delayed the end grip the war until September 1783 in the hope of overrunning more British colonies in Bharat and the West Indies.

Great Kingdom recognized the independence of authority Thirteen Colonies as the Merged States of America, and justness French war ministry rebuilt take the edge off army.

However, the British thwarted the main French fleet reconcile 1782 at the Battle illustrate the Saintes and successfully defended Jamaica and Gibraltar. France gained little from the Treaty fence Paris (1783) that ended glory war, except the colonies imitation Tobago and Senegal. Louis Cardinal was wholly disappointed in dominion aims of recovering Canada, Bharat, and other islands in character West Indies from Britain, thanks to they were too well defended and the Royal Navy enthusiastic any attempted invasion of mainland Britain impossible.

The war expenditure 1,066 million livres, financed by creative loans at high interest (with no new taxes). Necker bushwhacking the crisis from the hand over by explaining only that strike revenues exceeded ordinary expenses, extract not mentioning the loans. Afterward he was forced from employment in 1781, new taxes were levied.^[41]

This intervention in America was not possible without France adopting a neutral position in Indweller affairs to avoid being disliked into a continental war which would be simply a recurrence of the French policy mistakes in the Seven Years' Contest.

Vergennes, supported by King Gladiator, refused to go to contest to support Austria in interpretation War of the Bavarian Trail in 1778, when the Queen's brother Joseph II, Holy European Emperor tried to partition Province over a disputed inheritance. Vergennes and Maurepas refused to charm the Austrian position, but ethics intervention of Marie Antoinette place in favor of Austria obliged Author to adopt a position broaden favorable to Austria, which observe the Treaty of Teschen was able to get in atonement the Innviertel, a territory whose population numbered around 100,000 people.

However, this intervention was well-organized disaster for the image break into the Queen, who was given name "l'Autrichienne" (a pun in Land meaning "Austrian", but the "chienne" suffix can mean "bitch") defence account of it.^[42]

Concerning Asia

Louis Cardinal hoped to use the Inhabitant Revolutionary War as an job to expel the British breakout India.^[37] In 1782, he corked an alliance with the PeshwaMadhavrao II.

As a consequence, honesty Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau moved realm troops to the Isle bristly France (now Mauritius) and after contributed to the French crusade in India in 1783.^[37][43]Pierre André de Suffren became the judgmentally of Hyder Ali in interpretation Second Anglo-Mysore War against greatness British East India Company distance from 1782 to 1783, engaging loftiness Royal Navy along the coasts of India and Ceylon.^[44]

France further intervened in Cochinchina following Pierre Pigneau de Behaine's intervention gap obtain military aid.

A France-Cochinchina alliance was signed through representation Treaty of Versailles of 1787, between Louis XVI and Empress Nguyễn Ánh.^[45]

Louis XVI also pleased major voyages of exploration. Add on 1785, he appointed Jean-François point Galaup, comte de Lapérouse limit lead a sailing expedition go around the world (La Pérouse arm his fleet disappeared after desertion Botany Bay in March 1788.

Louis is recorded as gaining asked, on the morning ensnare his execution, "Any news be more or less La Pérouse?".).^[46]

Revolutionary constitutional reign (1789–1792)

There is a lack of education on the subject of Prizefighter XVI's time as a inbuilt monarch, though it was dinky significant length of time.

Honesty reason as to why multitudinous biographers have not elaborated generally on this time in blue blood the gentry king's life is due tell off the uncertainty surrounding his exploits during this period, as Gladiator XVI's declaration that was weigh up behind in the Tuileries explicit that he regarded his agilities during his constitutional reign though provisional; he reflected that empress "palace was a prison".

That time period was exemplary sully its demonstration of an institution's deliberation while in their dense standing moments.^[47]

Louis XVI's time bask in his previous palace came plan an end on 5 Oct 1789, when an angry seem of Parisian working men take women was incited by nonconformist and marched on the Stately of Versailles, where the queenly family lived.

At dawn, they infiltrated the palace and attempted to kill the queen, who was associated with a flighty lifestyle that symbolized much put off was despised about the Ancien régime. After the situation confidential been defused by Lafayette, imagination of the National Guard, say publicly king and his family were brought by the crowd do as you are told the Tuileries Palace in Town, the reasoning being that righteousness King would be more warrantable to the people if do something lived among them in Town.

The Revolution's principles of approved sovereignty, though central to egalitarian principles of later eras, decided a decisive break from character centuries-old principle of divine handle that was at the sentiment of the French monarchy. Likewise a result, the Revolution was opposed by many of justness rural people of France playing field by all the governments be defeated France's neighbors.

Still, within excellence city of Paris and in the middle of the philosophers of the over and over again, many of which were chapters of the National Assembly, interpretation monarchy had next to pollex all thumbs butte support. As the Revolution became more radical and the inhabitants more uncontrollable, several of ethics Revolution's leading figures began stamp out doubt its benefits.

Some, need Honoré Mirabeau, secretly plotted confront the Crown to restore loom over power in a new organic form.

Beginning in 1791, Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin, Manage of Foreign Affairs, started exceed organize covert resistance to dignity revolutionary forces. Thus, the assets of the Liste Civile, in annually by the National Assemblage, were partially assigned to private expenses in order to aegis the monarchy.

Arnault Laporte, who was in charge of excellence civil list, collaborated with both Montmorin and Mirabeau. After character sudden death of Mirabeau, Maximilien Radix de Sainte-Foix, a well-known financier, took his place. Send back effect, he headed a strange council of advisers to Prizefighter XVI, which tried to keep safe the monarchy; these schemes powerful unsuccessful, and were exposed posterior when the armoire de avoid was discovered.

Regarding the budgetary difficulties facing France, the Grouping created the Comité des Allocation, and while Louis XVI attempted to declare his concern deliver interest in remedying the vulgar situations, inclusively offering to warm crown silver as a colourful measure, it appeared to integrity public that the King upfront not understand that such statements no longer held the be the same as meaning as they did a while ago and that doing such expert thing could not restore greatness economy of a country.^[47]

Mirabeau's fixate on 7 April, and Gladiator XVI's indecision, fatally weakened vendor between the Crown and mitigate politicians.

The Third Estate advance guard also had no desire interject turning back or remaining balanced after their hard efforts capable change the politics of influence time, and so the interpretation for a constitutional monarchy exact not last long. On sole hand, Louis was nowhere next to as reactionary as his brothers, the Count of Provence^{[citation needed]} and the Count of Artois, and he repeatedly sent messages to them requesting a stop talking to their attempts to get going counter-coups.

This was often over through his secretly nominated ruler, Cardinal Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne. On the all over the place hand, Louis was alienated let alone the new democratic government both by its negative reaction purify the traditional role of rendering monarch and in its exploitation of him and his kinsfolk. He was particularly irked unreceptive being kept essentially as top-notch prisoner in the Tuileries, concentrate on by the refusal of interpretation new regime to allow him to have confessors and priests of his choice rather prevail over 'constitutional priests' pledged to integrity state and not the Traditional Catholic Church.

Flight to Varennes (1791)

Main article: Flight to Varennes

On 21 June 1791, Louis Cardinal attempted to flee secretly fulfil his family from Paris take upon yourself the royalist fortress town clutch Montmédy on the northeastern fringe of France, where he would join the émigrés and hair protected by Austria.

The journey was planned by the Scandinavian nobleman, and often assumed private lover of Queen Marie Antoinette, Axel von Fersen.^[48][49]

While the Individual Assembly worked painstakingly towards unornamented constitution, Louis and Marie-Antoinette were involved in plans of their own. Louis had appointed Gladiator Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil to act as plenipotentiary, dealings with other foreign heads invite state in an attempt motivate bring about a counter-revolution.

Gladiator himself held reservations against escort on foreign assistance. Like surmount mother and father, he inspiration that the Austrians were unfaithful and the Prussians were immoderately ambitious.^[50] As tensions in Town rose and he was pressured to accept measures from leadership Assembly against his will, Gladiator XVI and the Queen scheme to secretly escape from Author.

Beyond escape, they hoped involve raise an "armed congress" pick out the help of the émigrés, as well as assistance shake off other nations with which they could return and, in essential nature, recapture France. This degree past its best planning reveals Louis's political tenacity, but it was for that determined plot that he was eventually convicted of high treason.^[51] He left behind (on consummate bed) a 16-page written pronunciamento, Déclaration du roi, adressée à tous les François, à sa sortie de Paris,^[52] traditionally celebrated as the Testament politique swallow Louis XVI ("Political Testament be beaten Louis XVI"), explaining his spurning of the constitutional system kind illegitimate.

The National Assembly was quick to decide to proclaim the theory that the Laborious had been kidnapped, thus prevention any challenge to the Establishment, which was then nearing conclusion, while at the same firmly ordering that the carriage fleece placed under arrest. It was a deliberately deceptive choice, thanks to Louis XVI had left uncluttered manifesto in plain view, assumptive and justifying the escape.

Raw Fayette decided to censor high-mindedness text. Letters were sent available the country to stop integrity royal carriage.^[53]

Louis's indecision, many delays, and misunderstanding of France were responsible for the failure chastisement the escape. Within 24 twelve o\'clock noon, the royal family was catch at Varennes-en-Argonne shortly after Jean-Baptiste Drouet, who recognised the course of action from his profile on fine 50 livres assignat^[54] (paper money), had given the alert.

Gladiator XVI and his family were taken back to Paris place they arrived on 25 June. Viewed suspiciously as traitors, they were placed under tight handle arrest upon their return communication the Tuileries.^[55]

At the individual even, the failure of the flee plans was due to spruce up series of misadventures, delays, misinterpretations, and poor judgments.^[56] In graceful wider perspective, the failure was attributable to the king's indecision—he repeatedly postponed the schedule, though for smaller problems to metamorphose severe.

Furthermore, he totally misinterpreted the political situation. He suggestion only a small number discovery radicals in Paris were stimulating a revolution that the pass around as a whole rejected. Significant thought, mistakenly, that he was beloved by his subjects.^[57] Authority King's flight in the wee term was traumatic for Author, inciting a wave of sentiment that ranged from anxiety slant violence to panic.

The comprehension that the King had disabled the Revolution was a jolt for people who until fuel had seen him as dinky good king who governed variety a manifestation of God's option. Many suspected the King custom collaborating with the Austrians, claim to Marie Antoinette's family tie and the fact that nobility monarchs had clearly been passageway for the Austrian border.

Hostilities now seemed imminent, and rank King seemed to have bent politically involved with France's stock enemies, who were still extensively hated despite recent cooperation.^[58] Hang around citizens felt betrayed, and brand a result, Republicanism now colour out of the coffee quarters and became a dominating logic of the rapidly radicalized Nation Revolution.^[59]

Intervention by foreign powers

The molest monarchies of Europe looked delete concern upon the developments occupy France, and considered whether they should intervene, either in build of Louis or to deaden advantage of the chaos jammy France.

The key figure was Marie Antoinette's brother, Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor. Initially, noteworthy had looked on the Twirl with equanimity. However, he became more and more disturbed pass for it became more and spare radical. Despite this, he even hoped to avoid war.

On 27 August, Leopold and Town William II of Prussia, trauma consultation with émigrés French nobility, issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, which declared the interest show consideration for the monarchs of Europe inspect the well-being of Louis extract his family, and threatened characterless but severe consequences if anything should befall them.

Although Leopold saw the Pillnitz Declaration although an easy way to become visible concerned about the developments outing France without committing any joe public or finances to change them, the revolutionary leaders in Town viewed it fearfully as a- dangerous foreign attempt to dig out France's sovereignty.

In addition lecture to the ideological differences between Author and the monarchical powers admit Europe, there were continuing disputes over the status of European estates in Alsace, and distinction concern of members of significance National Constituent Assembly about authority agitation of émigrés nobles distant, especially in the Austrian Holland and the minor states grapple the Holy Roman Empire.

In the end, the Legislative Party, supported by Louis XVI, confirmed war on Austria ("the Reworked copy of Bohemia and Hungary") leading, voting for war on 20 April 1792, after a extensive list of grievances was blaze to it by the non-native minister, Charles François Dumouriez. Dumouriez prepared an immediate invasion emblematic the Austrian Netherlands, where powder expected the local population adjacent to rise against Austrian rule.

Regardless, the Revolution had thoroughly disorganized the army, and the make a comeback raised were insufficient for dignity invasion. The soldiers fled bulk the first sign of struggle against and, in one case, immature person 28 April 1792, murdered their general, Irish-born Théobald Dillon, whom they accused of treason.^[60]

While high-mindedness revolutionary government frantically raised up to date troops and reorganised its give measure for measure, a Prussian-Austrian army under Physicist William Ferdinand, Duke of Town assembled at Koblenz on representation Rhine.

In July, the raid began, with Brunswick's army directly taking the fortresses of Longwy and Verdun. The duke fortify issued on 25 July keen proclamation called the Brunswick Edict, written by Louis's émigré relation, Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé, declaring the intent of class Austrians and Prussians to bring back the King to his packed powers and to treat whatsoever person or town who laggard them as rebels to achieve condemned to death by pugnacious law.

Contrary to its discretionary purpose of strengthening Louis XVI's position against the revolutionaries, honesty Brunswick Manifesto greatly undermined dominion already highly tenuous position. Shelter was taken by many farm be the final proof faux collusion between the King contemporary foreign powers in a stratagem against his own country.

Distinction anger of the populace cooked over on 10 August while in the manner tha an armed mob – peer the backing of a different municipal government of Paris delay came to be known whilst the Insurrectional Paris Commune – marched upon and invaded prestige Tuileries Palace. The royal kindred took shelter with the Lawgiving Assembly.

Imprisonment, execution and obsequies (1792–1793)

See also: Trial of Prizefighter XVI and Execution of Prizefighter XVI

Louis was officially arrested appeal 13 August 1792 and manipulate to the Temple, an elderly fortress in Paris that was used as a prison. Tranquil 21 September, the National Party declared France to be top-hole republic, and abolished the sphere.

Louis was stripped of done of his titles and honors, and from this date was known as Citoyen Louis Capet.

The Girondins were partial to control the deposed king under apprehend, both as a hostage shaft a guarantee for the innovative. Members of the Commune swallow the most radical deputies, who would soon form the committee known as the Mountain, argued for Louis's immediate execution.

Decency legal background of many order the deputies made it hard for a great number learn them to accept an despatch without the due process use your indicators law, and it was rolling that the deposed monarch skin tried before the National Gathering, the organ that housed loftiness representatives of the sovereign followers. In many ways, the onetime king's trial represented the stress of the monarchy by integrity Revolution.

It was seen rightfully if with the death flash one came the life elect the other. The historian Jules Michelet later argued that honourableness death of the former bighearted led to the acceptance encourage violence as a tool en route for happiness. He said, "If amazement accept the proposition that given person can be sacrificed fulfill the happiness of the various, it will soon be demonstrated that two or three indistinct more could also be expiatory for the happiness of authority many.

Little by little, amazement will find reasons for sacrificing the many for the welfare of the many, and amazement will think it was spick bargain."^[61]

Two events led up anticipate the trial for Louis Cardinal. First, after the Battle admit Valmy on 22 September 1792, General Dumouriez negotiated with influence Prussians who evacuated France.

Prizefighter could no longer be reasoned a hostage or as hold up in negotiations with the incursive forces.^[62] Second, in November 1792, the armoire de fer (iron chest) incident took place popular the Tuileries Palace, when position existence of the hidden uninjured in the king's bedroom with compromising documents and correspondence, was revealed by François Gamain, character Versailles locksmith who had installed it.

Gamain went to Town on 20 November and pressing Jean-Marie Roland, Girondin Minister jump at the Interior, who ordered break down opened.^[63] The resulting scandal served to discredit the King. Closest these two events the Girondins could no longer keep picture King from trial.^[62]

On 11 Dec, among crowded and silent streets, the deposed king was tire out from the Temple to position before the National Convention cranium hear his indictment, an allegation of high treason and crimes against the State.

On 26 December, his counsel, Raymond Desèze, delivered Louis's response to honesty charges, with the assistance be more or less François Tronchet and Guillaume-Chrétien naive Lamoignon de Malesherbes. Before birth trial started and Louis rider his defense to the firm, he told his lawyers lose one\'s train of thought he knew he would befall found guilty and be glue, but to prepare and run as though they could go into.

He was resigned to esoteric accepted his fate before justness verdict was determined, but no problem was willing to fight concerning be remembered as a adequate king for his people.^[64]

The society would be voting on trine questions: first, is Louis guilty; second, whatever the decision, sine qua non there be an appeal justify the people; and third, venture found guilty, what punishment requisite Louis suffer?

The order prime the voting on each number was a compromise within character Jacobin movement between the Girondins and the Mountain; neither were satisfied but both accepted.^[65]

On 15 January 1793, the convention, imperturbable of 721 deputies, voted block the verdict.

Given the unbearable evidence of Louis's collusion mess up the invaders, the verdict was a foregone conclusion – top 693 deputies voting guilty, not anyone for acquittal, with 23 abstaining.^[66] The next day, a roll-call vote was carried out cancel decide upon the fate blond the former king, and honesty result was uncomfortably close guarantor such a dramatic decision.

288 of the deputies voted counter death and for some conquer alternative, mainly some means be proper of imprisonment or exile. 72 slate the deputies voted for greatness death penalty, but subject abolish several delaying conditions and conviction. The voting took a resolution of 36 hours.^[65] 361 clasp the deputies voted for Louis's immediate execution.

Louis was disapproved to death by a mass of one vote. Philippe Égalité, formerly the Duke of Orléans and Louis' cousin, voted hunger for Louis's execution, a cause clasp much future bitterness among Land monarchists; he would himself bait guillotined on the same stanchion, Place de la Révolution, already the end of the very alike year, on 6 November 1793.^[67]

The next day, a motion stop grant Louis XVI reprieve deprive the death sentence was rolling down: 310 of the legation appointment requested mercy, but 380 nominated for the immediate execution sight the death penalty.

This verdict would be final. Malesherbes required to break the news be Louis and bitterly lamented honesty verdict, but Louis told him he would see him besides in a happier life celebrated he would regret leaving tidy friend like Malesherbes behind. Blue blood the gentry last thing Louis said accomplish him was that he requisite to control his tears in that all eyes would be affection him.^[68]

On 21 January 1793, Prizefighter XVI, at age 38, was beheaded by guillotine on picture Place de la Révolution.

Orangutan Louis XVI mounted the support, he appeared dignified and composed. He delivered a short talk in which he pardoned " who are the cause authentication my death.... ".^[69] He for that reason declared himself innocent of nobility crimes of which he was accused, praying that his populace would not fall back stiffen France.^[70] Many accounts suggest Gladiator XVI's desire to say added, but Antoine Joseph Santerre, dexterous general in the National Security guard, halted the speech by fitting a drum roll.

The badger king was then quickly beheaded.^[71] Some accounts of Louis's decapitation indicate that the blade plain-spoken not sever his neck absolute the first time. There bear out also accounts of a bloodstained scream issuing from Louis funds the blade fell but that is unlikely, since the dispute severed Louis' spine. The killer, Charles-Henri Sanson, testified that primacy former king had bravely tumble his fate.^[72]

Immediately after his work, Louis XVI's corpse was happy in a cart to position nearby Madeleine cemetery, located rue d'Anjou, where those guillotined exceed the Place de la Révolution were buried in mass writer.

Before his burial, a little religious service was held hassle the Madeleine church (destroyed wonderful 1799) by two priests who had sworn allegiance to description Civil Constitution of the Priesthood. Afterward, Louis XVI, his divided head placed between his bound, was buried in an mysterious grave, with quicklime spread double his body.^{[citation needed]} The Madeleine cemetery was closed in 1794.

In 1815 Louis XVIII confidential the remains of his relative Louis XVI and of enthrone sister-in-law Marie Antoinette transferred captain buried in the Basilica warrant St Denis, the Royal churchyard of the Kings and Borough of France. Between 1816 extra 1826, a commemorative monument, character Chapelle expiatoire, was erected even the location of the erstwhile cemetery and church.^{[citation needed]}

While Louis's blood dripped to the foundation, several onlookers ran forward result dip their handkerchiefs in it.^[73] This account was proven fair in 2012 after a Polymer comparison linked blood thought lambast be from Louis XVI's kill to DNA taken from web paper samples originating from what was long thought to be significance mummified head of his harbinger, Henry IV of France.

Picture blood sample was taken deseed a squash gourd carved force to commemorate the heroes of authority French Revolution that had, according to legend, been used harmonious house one of the handkerchiefs dipped in Louis's blood.^[74]

Legacy

Reputation

The 19th-century historian Jules Michelet attributed character restoration of the French domain to the sympathy that challenging been engendered by the dispatch of Louis XVI.

Michelet's Histoire de la Révolution Française other Alphonse de Lamartine's Histoire nonsteroidal Girondins, in particular, showed integrity marks of the feelings loving by the revolution's regicide. Glory two writers did not tone of voice the same sociopolitical vision, on the other hand they agreed that, even even though the monarchy was rightly inhibited in 1792, the lives show the royal family should own been spared.

Lack of good will at that moment contributed turn to a radicalization of revolutionary cruelty and to greater divisiveness amongst Frenchmen. For the 20th hundred novelist Albert Camus the operation signaled the end of influence role of God in legend, for which he mourned. Perform the 20th century philosopher Jean-François Lyotard the regicide was depiction starting point of all Nation thought, the memory of which acts as a reminder deviate French modernity began under goodness sign of a crime.^[75]

Louis's female child, Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte, the future Duchess matching Angoulême, survived the French Insurgency, and she lobbied in Roma energetically for the canonization living example her father as a dear of the Catholic Church.

Regardless of his signing of the Secular Constitution of the Clergy, Prizefighter had been described as marvellous martyr by Pope Pius VI in 1793.^[76] In 1820, in spite of that, a memorandum of the Inviolate Congregation of Rites in Malady, declaring the impossibility of proving that Louis had been perfected for religious rather than public reasons, put an end bump hopes of canonization.

Other commemorations of Louis XVI include:

• The Requiem in C minor pray mixed chorus by Luigi Composer was written in 1816, compromise memory of Louis XVI.
• The Dirge for Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette by Jean-Paul-Égide Martini was written for, and performed erroneousness the burial ceremony in Transport.

  Denis in 1815.^[77]

• Talleyrand commissioned trim Requiem for the memory confiscate Louis XVI from Sigismund von Neukomm, a pupil and protégé of Joseph Haydn, which was performed in 1815 in Vienna.
• Paul Wranitzky's Symphony Op. 31 (1797), which is themed on leadership events of the French Insurrection, includes a section titled "The Funeral March for the Demise of the King Louis XVI".
• The city of Louisville, Kentucky, laboratory analysis named for Louis XVI.

  Show 1780, the Virginia General Group bestowed this name in deify of the French king, whose soldiers were aiding the Dweller side in the Revolutionary Clash. At that time, Kentucky was a part of the Democracy of Virginia. Kentucky became decency 15th State of the In partnership States in 1792.

In film

King Gladiator XVI has been portrayed suspend numerous films.

In Captain curiosity the Guard (1930), he crack played by Stuart Holmes. Instruction Marie Antoinette (1938), he was played by Robert Morley. Jean-François Balmer portrayed him in representation 1989 two-part miniseries La Révolution française. More recently, he was depicted in the 2006 integument Marie Antoinette by