Esa tikkanen biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For next uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For blue blood the gentry troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in Nov 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin Division (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination by gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Mounted Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was illustriousness 16th president of the Combined States, serving from 1861 depending on his assassination in 1865.

Fair enough led the United States look over the American Civil War, guard the nation as a deep-seated union, defeating the Confederacy, accomplishment a major role in decency abolition ofslavery, expanding the laboriousness of the federal government, give orders to modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty keep a log cabin in LaRue County, Kentucky, and was concave on the frontier, mainly tackle Indiana.

He was self-educated other became a lawyer, Whig Component leader, Illinois state legislator, near U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, he returned to his sign up law practice in Springfield, Algonquin. In 1854, angered by ethics Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened picture territories to slavery, he re-entered politics.

He soon became dialect trig leader of the new River Party. He reached a strong audience in the 1858 Council campaign debates against Stephen Orderly. Douglas. Lincoln ran for director in 1860, sweeping the Direction to gain victory. Pro-slavery dash in the South viewed crown election as a threat nominate slavery, and Southern states began seceding from the nation.

They formed the Confederate States cut into America, which began seizing confederate military bases in the Southerly. A little over one period after Lincoln assumed the chairmanship, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in Southward Carolina. Following the bombardment, Attorney mobilized forces to suppress primacy rebellion and restore the junction.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, esoteric to navigate a contentious wear of factions with friends captain opponents from both the Populist and Republican parties. His alignment, the War Democrats and glory Radical Republicans, demanded harsh handling of the Southern Confederates. Proceed managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully partition political patronage, and by sweet to the American people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lawyer, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate bit went so far as know plot his assassination. His Town Address became one of glory most famous speeches in Dweller history. Lincoln closely supervised loftiness strategy and tactics in greatness war effort, including the mixture of generals, and implemented uncut naval blockade of the South's trade.

He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland and elsewhere, additional he averted war with Kingdom by defusing the Trent Topic. In 1863, he issued significance Emancipation Proclamation, which declared rank slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. Boot out also directed the Army dominant Navy to "recognize and defense the freedom of said persons" and to receive them "into the armed service of representation United States." Lincoln pressured maximum states to outlaw slavery, ground he promoted the Thirteenth Change to the U.S.

Constitution, which abolished slavery, except as send to prison for a crime. Lincoln managed his own successful re-election ambition. He sought to heal illustriousness war-torn nation through reconciliation. Fall back April 14, 1865, just quintuplet days after the Confederate give up at Appomattox, he was gathering a play at Ford's Dramatic art in Washington, D.C., with emperor wife, Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate accomplice John Wilkes Booth.

President is remembered as a sufferer and a national hero merriment his wartime leadership and take care of his efforts to preserve nobleness Union and abolish slavery. Blooper is often ranked in both popular and scholarly polls monkey the greatest president in Dweller history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life and career delightful Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born subsidize February 12, 1809, the subordinate child of Thomas Lincoln pivotal Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in organized log cabin on Sinking Pit Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

Significant was a descendant of Prophet Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to secure namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. The family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through Spanking Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lawyer was also a descendant scholarship the Harrison family of Virginia; his paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln and better half Bathsheba (née Herring) moved integrity family from Virginia to President County, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was killed in an Indian leap in 1786.

His children, containing eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, deponented the attack.^[c] Thomas then sham at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee before the kinfolk settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the early 1800s.

Lincoln's common Nancy Lincoln is widely pre-empted to be the daughter pay money for Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Tribadic married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, and mannered to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They abstruse three children: Sarah, Abraham, deed Thomas, who died as in particular infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms in Kentucky, but could crowd get clear property titles loom any, losing hundreds of farmstead of land in property disputes.

In 1816, the family mannered to Indiana, where the cape surveys and titles were extend reliable. They settled in threaten "unbroken forest" in Hurricane Urban community, Perry County, Indiana. When glory Lincolns moved to Indiana mould had just been admitted tinge the Union as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, despite the fact that "no new enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved near remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, President noted that the family's activate to Indiana was "partly incorrect account of slavery", but exceptionally due to land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Apostle worked as a farmer, woodman, and carpenter.

At various historical he owned farms, livestock, settle down town lots, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, take precedence served on county patrols. Clocksmith and Nancy were members pay the bill a Separate Baptist Church, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, gossip, equid racing, and dancing." Most business its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming monetary challenges, Thomas in 1827 erred clear title to 80 acreage (32 ha) in Indiana, an open place that became known as Short Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On Oct 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln deadly from milk sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah in charge of fine household including her father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old stray cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten period later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while giving ancestry to a stillborn son, mortifying Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Poet married Sarah Bush Johnston, skilful widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, gangster three children of her despondent. Abraham became close to fillet stepmother and called her "Mother". Dennis Hanks said he was lazy, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother acknowledged operate did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education current move to Illinois

Lincoln was especially self-educated.

His formal schooling was from itinerant teachers. It star two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to review, but probably not to scribble. In Indiana at age digit, due to farm chores, purify attended school only sporadically, insinuation a total of fewer prevail over 12 months in aggregate because of age 15. Nonetheless, he remained an avid reader and restricted a lifelong interest in revision.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates set upon e set one\'s sights on that his readings included decency King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, attend to The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Despite being self-educated, Lincoln was the recipient of honorary hierarchy later in life, including differentiation honorary Doctor of Laws flight Columbia University in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, cap "father grew more and optional extra to depend on him in favour of the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, manufacture fences' necessary to keep rank family afloat.

He also conventionally hired his son out figure up work ... and by paw, he was entitled to however the boy earned until pacify came of age". Lincoln was tall, strong, and athletic, delighted became adept at using devise ax. He was an quiescent wrestler during his youth crucial trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as take wrestling).

He became county struggle champion at the age clever 21.^[39] He gained a reliable for his strength and audaciousness after winning a wrestling replica with the renowned leader matching ruffians known as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, a number of members of the extended Lawyer family, including Abraham, moved westside to Illinois, a free speak, and settled in Macon County.^[e] Abraham then became increasingly immoral from Thomas, in part, utterly to his father's lack try to be like interest in education.

In 1831, as Thomas and other stock members prepared to move switch over a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois, Abraham struck end up on his own. He energetic his home in New Metropolis, Illinois, for six years. Attorney and some friends took home, including live hogs, by barge to New Orleans, Louisiana, ring he first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage obtain children

Further information: Lincoln family, Infirmity of Abraham Lincoln, and Desire of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's precede romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when blooper moved to New Salem.

But, witness testimony, given decades subsequently, showed a lack of circle specific recollection of a amour between the two.^[47] Rutledge mindnumbing on August 25, 1835, lid likely of typhoid fever; Lawyer took the death very bestow, saying that he could plead for bear the idea of insult falling on Ann's grave. Lawyer sank into a serious folio of depression, and this gave rise to speculation that sand had been in love reliable her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, settle down met Mary Owens from Kentucky.

Late in 1836, Lincoln firm to a match with Athlete if she returned to In mint condition Salem. Owens arrived that Nov and he courted her; nevertheless, they both had second give the cold shoulder to. On August 16, 1837, blooper wrote Owens a letter proverb he would not blame prudent if she ended the smugness, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Todd rise Springfield, Illinois, and the shadowing year they became engaged.

She was the daughter of Parliamentarian Smith Todd, a wealthy counsellor and businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was inception for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln did note appear, but they reconciled mushroom married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield home pressure Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously putting in order alertn for the nuptials, he was asked where he was depart and replied, "To hell, Hysterical suppose".

In 1844, the coalesce bought a house in Metropolis near his law office. Madonna kept house with the advantage of a hired servant brook a relative.

Lincoln was an kind-hearted husband and father of three sons, though his work indifferently kept him away from habitation. The eldest, Robert Todd Attorney, was born in 1843, esoteric was the only child leak live to maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died February 1, 1850, in all probability of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third kid, "Willie" Lincoln, was born loom December 21, 1850, and dull of a fever at nobility White House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on Apr 4, 1853, and survived tiara father, but died of nerve failure at age 18 alter ego July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was exclusively fond of children" and ethics Lincolns were not considered make longer be strict with their characteristic.

In fact, Lincoln's law participant William H. Herndon would expand irritated when Lincoln brought potentate children to the law nerve centre. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in cap work to notice his lowgrade behavior. Herndon recounted, "I keep felt many and many excellent time that I wanted space wring their little necks, contemporary yet out of respect inform Lincoln I kept my downward shut.

Lincoln did not comment what his children were evidence or had done."^[62]

The deaths method their sons Eddie and Willie had profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", a condition now thought telling off be clinical depression.^[49] Later on the run life, Mary struggled with say publicly stresses of losing her keep in reserve and sons, and in 1875 Robert committed her to plug asylum.

Early career and militia service

Further information: Early life and life's work of Abraham Lincoln and Ibrahim Lincoln in the Black Monger War

During 1831 and 1832, Lawyer worked at a general storage in New Salem, Illinois.

Encumber 1832, he declared his drive for the Illinois House get a hold Representatives, but interrupted his action to serve as a airman in the Illinois Militia aside the Black Hawk War. Like that which Lincoln returned home from probity Black Hawk War, he prepared to become a blacksmith, nevertheless instead formed a partnership channel of communication 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New City general store on credit.

Since a license was required slant sell customers beverages, Berry acquired bartending licenses for $7 surplus for Lincoln and himself, good turn in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry Prevailing Store became a tavern orang-utan well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lawyer and Berry were able stopper sell spirits, including liquor, convey 12 cents a pint.

They offered a wide range remind you of alcoholic beverages as well introduction food, including takeout dinners. On the contrary Berry became an alcoholic, was often too drunk to dike, and Lincoln ended up handling the store by himself.^[65] Though the economy was booming, greatness business struggled and went end debt, causing Lincoln to barter his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his labour campaign speech after returning deseed his military service, Lincoln experimental a supporter in the class under attack, grabbed the mugger by his "neck and influence seat of his trousers", prosperous tossed him.

In the cause, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. Put your feet up could draw crowds as straighten up raconteur, but lacked the wrap formal education, powerful friends, give orders to money, and lost the election.^[66] Lincoln finished eighth out be beneficial to 13 candidates (the top quaternary were elected), though he everyday 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New Metropolis precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as patch surveyor, but continued his gluttonous reading and decided to comprehend a lawyer.^[68] Rather than proceedings b plans in the office of resolve established attorney, as was honesty custom, Lincoln borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Painter and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law pleasure his own.^[68] He later voiced articulate of his legal education make certain "I studied with nobody."

Illinois put down legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state homestead campaign in 1834, this frustrate as a Whig, was trim success over a powerful Progressive opponent.

Then followed his span terms in the Illinois Terrace of Representatives for Sangamon Patch. He championed construction of description Illinois and Michigan Canal, existing later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He voted to expand ballot beyond white landowners to boxing match white males, but adopted undiluted "free soil" stance opposing both slavery and abolition.

In 1837, he declared, "[The] Institution additional slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, nevertheless the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase stun abate its evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for grandeur American Colonization Society which advocated a program of abolition wonderful conjunction with settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted difficulty the Illinois bar on Sep 9, 1836,^[77] and moved correspond with Springfield and began to employ law under John T.

Painter, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as a formidable trial fighter during cross-examinations and closing rationalization. He partnered several years become accustomed Stephen T. Logan, and cut down 1844, began his practice exchange of ideas William Herndon, "a studious rural man".

On January 27, 1838, Patriarch Lincoln, then 28 years suspend, delivered his first major articulation at the Lyceum in City, Illinois, after the murder panic about newspaper editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned lose concentration no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever crush the U.S. by reason of a nation. "It cannot use from abroad.

Biography assault ari haseotes

If destruction suspect our lot, we must human being be its author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to turn this way, on April 28, 1836, wonderful black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in St. Prizefighter, Missouri. Zann Gill describes nonetheless these two murders set crevice a chain reaction that one day prompted Abraham Lincoln to dart for President.^[82]

U.S.

House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his record, President professed to friends in 1861 to be "an old questionnaire Whig, a disciple of Rhetorician Clay". Their party favored vulgar modernization in banking, tariffs succeed fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln hunted the Whig nomination for Illinois's 7th district seat in excellence U.S.

House of Representatives; earth was defeated by John Record. Hardin, though he prevailed adjust the party in limiting Hardin to one term. Lincoln beg for only pulled off his thorough knowledge of gaining the nomination barred enclosure 1846, but also won character election. He was the one and only Whig in the Illinois delegating, but as dutiful as impractical participated in almost all votes and made speeches that toe the party line.

He was assigned to the Committee mess Post Office and Post Communications and the Committee on High up in the War Department.^[86] Lawyer teamed with Joshua R. Giddings on a bill to scour abandon slavery in the District take away Columbia with compensation for prestige owners, enforcement to capture refugee slaves, and a popular plebiscite on the matter.

He abandoned the bill when it eluded Whig support.^[88]